Yadda ake Programming Android Apps

Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da shirye-shiryen Android, wannan littafin zai taimaka muku sosai. Zai gabatar muku da mahimman batutuwan da kuke buƙatar sani lokacin gina ƙa'idar Android mai ƙwararru. Daga ajiyar bayanai zuwa sarrafa bayanai, baya tafiyar matakai, da Sabis na Intanet, wannan littafin zai nuna muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar ƙwararru. Littafin zai taimaka muku koyon yadda ake amfani da Android Studio don haɓaka app ɗin ku.

Shirye-shiryen da ya dace da abu

Yin amfani da Java don gina aikace-aikacen Android ɗinku ba shi da wahala, kamar yadda ya biyo bayan kwarewa da tsammanin masu shirye-shiryen OO. Wannan littafi ya ƙunshi tushen ci gaban Android, gami da kwatance apps, shimfidar ayyuka, gyara kurakurai, gwadawa, da SQLite bayanai. Za ku kuma koyi game da saƙon Android, XML aiki, JSON, da threading. Za ku sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da fasahar da ke ƙasa, ciki har da Android SDK.

Harsuna biyu da aka fi amfani da su don haɓaka app ɗin Android sune Java da Kotlin. Java shine yare mafi tsufa don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi, amma yawancin masu haɓakawa suna juyowa zuwa Kotlin don taƙaitaccen tsarin rubutun sa da sauƙin koyo. Java, yayin da yake zama yaren da ya fi shahara don gina manhajojin Android, har yanzu yana riƙe da shahararsa saboda faffadan dakunan karatu da harhada giciye. Kotlin, a wannan bangaren, JetBrains ne ya halicce shi, kamfanin da ya kirkiro Java.

Shirye-shiryen da ya dace da abu hanya ce ta tsara bayanai cikin ma'ana. Kowane abu yana da nasa bayanai da halayensa, kuma dukkansu an ayyana su ta hanyar azuzuwan. Misali, aji na BankAccount zai ƙunshi bayanai da hanyoyin adanawa da share asusu. Waɗannan abubuwan kuma za su sami hanyoyi kamar deductFromAccount() da kuma samunAccountHlderName(). Waɗannan hanyoyin suna da mahimmanci don ingantaccen aiki na aikace-aikacen BankAccount.

Java shine yaren farko da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gina manhajojin Android. Amma kamar yadda Kotlin ya sami karbuwa a duniyar Android, manyan kamfanonin fasaha da yawa suna juya zuwa wannan harshe don ayyukansu. Twitter, Netflix, da Trello, duk an gina su da Kotlin. Amma Open Handset Alliance ta yi amfani da Java don masu amfani da Android OS. Ko da yake Java za a iya harhada zuwa bytecode da kuma aiki a kan JVM, ba shi da wuraren shirye-shiryen ƙananan matakan kamar yadda C++ ke yi.

ShareActionProvider

Don haɓaka hulɗa tare da abubuwan menu na aikace-aikacen Android, Kuna iya amfani da ShareActionProvider. Wannan ɗakin karatu yana ƙirƙirar ƙananan menus masu ƙarfi kuma yana aiwatar da daidaitattun ayyuka. Yana bayyana kansa a cikin fayil ɗin albarkatun menu na XML. Ta ƙara wannan ɗakin karatu zuwa app ɗin ku, za ku iya raba bayanai tare da masu amfani da ku, gami da farashin hannun jari. Don ƙarin bayani, ziyarci official website. Anan akwai wasu azuzuwan ShareActionProvider da aka fi amfani da su:

Ajin ShareActionProvider yana amfani da ACTION_SEND-Intent don aiwatar da aikin da ke da alaƙa. Lokacin da mai amfani ya danna gunkin ƙa'idar a cikin Bar Action, app ɗin zai nuna jerin aikace-aikacen rabawa. Da zarar an gama wannan aikin rabon, app din yana mayar da mai amfani zuwa nasa app na Android. Amfani da ɗakin karatu na ShareActionProvider yana da sauƙi kuma mai dacewa.

Kuna buƙatar mai ba da aikin rabo don ƙa'idodin Android idan kuna shirin raba abubuwan cikin app ɗinku tare da wasu mutane. Raba-Intent muhimmin bangare ne na ci gaban Android kuma yana ba da dacewa, hanya mai sauƙin amfani don raba bayanai tare da wasu. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ShareActionProvider yana buƙatar izini don karantawa da rubuta bayanai. Ta hanyar tsoho, dole ne ku sami haƙƙin admin don app ɗin ku.

Don aiwatar da wannan fasalin rabawa a cikin app ɗin ku, kuna buƙatar ƙara ShareActionProvider zuwa Bar Action. Sannan, wuce abun ciki a cikin Ayyuka kuma ShareActionProvider zai yi sauran. Hakanan zaka iya amfani da ShareActionProvider a cikin ƙa'idar Gallery ɗin ku, wanda shine kyakkyawan misali don nuna muku yadda ake ƙara wannan aikin a app ɗin ku. Kuna iya karanta ƙarin game da wannan abu a cikin jagorar Bar Aiki.

Aiki Lifecycle Callbacks

Lokacin da kuka ƙirƙiri sabon aiki akan Android, ya kamata ka yi amfani da Aiki Lifecycle Callbacks don tabbatar da cewa ya ci gaba da aiki bayan mai amfani ya bar app. Yin amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin yana da mahimmanci don hana zubar da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, wanda zai iya lalata aikin tsarin ku. Hakanan, lokacin amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin, ya kamata ku guje wa yin ƙididdige ƙididdigewa yayin da aka dakatar() sake kira saboda yana iya jinkirta sauyawa daga wannan aiki zuwa wani, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan kwarewar mai amfani.

Aiki Lifecycle Callbacks zai iya taimaka muku cimma wannan burin ta hanyar kiran takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru a lokuta daban-daban na zagayen rayuwa na ayyuka.. Na farko, kan Ƙirƙiri() ana kiranta lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri wani aiki a karon farko. The onStart() Yawancin lokaci ana kiran dawowa da onResume da a kan Dakata. A mafi yawan lokuta, Ana kiran sake dawowa kan onStop kafin hanyar onStop.

Lokacin da aiki ya tsaya, da oppause() Hanyar tana dakatar da duk masu sauraron tsarin kuma tana adana bayanan aikace-aikacen. The onPause() da kuma onstop() hanyoyin suna da garantin kiran su kafin aiki ya ƙare. The on Resume() Ana kiran hanyar lokacin da aiki ya sake dawowa kuma yanayin tsarin sa ya canza. Tsarin Android zai sake ƙirƙirar ayyukan tare da sabbin saitunan. Ga hanya, masu amfani da app ɗin ku za su iya ci gaba da ayyukansu kuma su yi amfani da shi.

Aiki Lifecycle Callbacks wata babbar hanya ce don tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacenku yana aiki a bango. Ana kiran wannan kiran a duk lokacin da wani aiki ya shiga bango. Kuna iya soke wannan hanyar ta hanyar kiran hanyar akan super class. Ka tuna kiran wannan hanyar lokacin da ya cancanta saboda rashin kiran shi zai kai ga app ɗin ku ya yi karo ko kuma ya makale cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki. Duk da haka, ka tabbata ka kira onDakata() hanyar lokacin da kuke buƙata.

Refactoring kayan aikin

Idan kun inganta Android apps, ya kamata ku yi la'akari da yin amfani da kayan aikin sake fasalin. Ana samun kayan aikin gyara kayan aikin ta hanyar sitdiyon Android ɗinku ko injin gyara Xcode. Android Studio yana ba da hanyoyi daban-daban don sake fasalin, gami da canza suna azuzuwan Java, shimfidu, drawables, da hanyoyin. Waɗannan kayan aikin gyarawa suna da zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa, kuma za mu rufe kowannensu daki-daki a cikin girke-girke da ke ƙasa.

Sabunta kayan aikin don aikace-aikacen Android na iya haɓaka ingancin lambar ku da rage ƙamshin lambar. Toshe ayyukan I/O na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga amsawar aikace-aikacen wayar hannu, kuma yin amfani da ginin async da bai dace ba zai iya haifar da matsaloli kamar leaks na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ɓata kuzari, da almubazzaranci. Akwai kayan aikin gyarawa don kawar da waɗannan batutuwa ta hanyar sake fasalin lambar async zuwa lambar jeri. Kayan aikin sake fasalin kamar ASYNCDROID na iya fitar da ayyuka masu tsayi a cikin Android AsyncTask.

Kayan aikin sake fasalin aikace-aikacen Android kuma na iya inganta kayan aikin tebur na gado. Suna ƙyale masu haɓakawa su canza codebase ba tare da shafar duk tsawon rayuwar aikace-aikacen hannu ba. Bugu da kari, masu haɓakawa kuma za su iya tsaftace zaɓaɓɓun lambobi, don haka inganta ingantaccen lambar gabaɗaya da ƙwarewar mai amfani ba tare da shafar yanayin ci gaban app ɗin wayar hannu ba. Yawancin masu haɓakawa sun san tsarin ci gaban Android, kuma yin amfani da kayan aikin gyarawa don Android zai daidaita tsarin jigilar kayan aikin gado zuwa na'urorin hannu.

Refactoring na iya zama da wahala ga ƙa'idodin da ke cikin samarwa, amma aiki ne mai mahimmanci ga masu haɓakawa. Saki sabon sigar ku zuwa ƙaramin rukunin masu amfani don gwada halayen sa da aiki. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a gwada aikin ƙa'idar da aka gyara da kashi na rarrabawa kafin a fito fili. Duk da yake akwai wasu fa'idodi na kayan aikin sake fasalin don Android, ya kamata a koyaushe ku tuna cewa yana da kyau a guji sake rubuta lambar da ke akwai idan ba lallai ba ne..

Mit app inventor

MIT App Inventor haɗe-haɗe ne na haɓaka haɓaka (Alamu) don aikace-aikacen yanar gizo. Google ne ya samar da asali, Yanzu Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts ce ke kula da shi. IDE yana sauƙaƙa wa masu haɓakawa don ƙirƙirar aikace-aikace don dandamali daban-daban. Kayan aikin Inventor na MIT yana da amfani musamman don ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodin Android. Yana fasalta kayan aiki da ɗakunan karatu da yawa, gami da yanayin shirye-shirye na gani don Android.

MIT App Inventor kuma babban zaɓi ne ga masu farawa da malamai da ke koyar da coding a makarantu. Sauƙin amfani da shirin ya sa ya dace don haɓaka samfuran aikace-aikacen wayar hannu da sauri. Dalibai za su iya ƙirƙira da gwada abubuwan ƙirƙira su akan na'urorin hannu na kansu, maimakon a takura ma na’urar kwamfuta. MIT ta fito da kari da yawa don taimakawa masu haɓaka haɓaka ƙa'idodin wayar hannu na musamman da mu'amala tare da na'urorin IOT. Bugu da kari, masu haɓakawa na iya rubuta abubuwan da suka dace ta amfani da wannan kayan aiki.

MIT App Inventor kayan aiki ne wanda zai iya taimakawa ɗalibai haɓaka aikace-aikacen hannu. Yana da ƙirar mai amfani da zana da tubalan ma'ana waɗanda ke ba masu amfani damar ginawa da gwada aikace-aikacen su a cikin ainihin lokaci. Tare da sigar sa na kyauta, ɗalibai za su iya saduwa da wasu masu haɓaka masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya kuma suyi tambayoyi. Al'umma suna goyon baya da taimako. Amma don cin gajiyar wannan shirin, dole ne ɗalibai su sami haɗin Intanet mai kyau.