Zvaunoda Kuziva Nezve Android App Development

Kana iwe uchida kudzidza nezve Android app kuvandudza, wauya panzvimbo chaipo. Munyaya ino, iwe uchadzidza nezveJava, Kotlin, Fragmentation, uye Native user interfaces. Iwe zvakare uchadzidza nezve Android SDK, GDR, uye Fragmentation. Tinovimba, ruzivo urwu ruchakubatsira iwe kutanga kuvaka maapplication pasina nguva. Kana uine mimwe mibvunzo, usatya kubvunza!

Java

Kana iwe uri kuronga kugadzira Android app, ipapo Java inogona kunge iri mutauro wakakodzera kushandisa. Java mutauro wepamusoro-soro wepurogiramu, uye manyorerwo aro akafanana chaizvo nemitauro yevanhu. Semagumo, Java maapplication ari kuchinjika uye anowedzera, uye uuye neraibhurari yakapfuma yezvimiro zvekugadzira mapatani uye akanakisa maitiro. Java zvakare yakavhurika sosi, zvinoreva kuti zvinokwanisika kushandisa reusable kodhi mumapurojekiti modular. Java yekuvandudza app yeAroid ndiyo imwe yemitauro inonyanyo zivikanwa yekugadzira Android app.

Kana iwe uri kufunga nezve Java ye Android app kuvandudza, iwe unozofanirwa kunzwisisa mutsauko pakati peiyi programming mutauro uye Kotlin. Kana iwe uri kufunga Java sesarudzo yako yekutanga, yeuka kuti zvichiri kupfuura 20 makore akakura kupfuura Kotlin. Zvakadaro, iwe unozofanirwa kudzidza ese mitauro iyi kana iwe uchida kuwana zvakanyanya kubva pachikuva ichi. Iwe unogona kutoda kuvaka app inoshandisa mitauro miviri.

Java ine zvakawanda zvakanaka pamusoro peKotlin, asi zvakare zvishoma zvakaoma kudzidza. Nepo Java iri kunyanya kushandiswa mukuvandudza Android, Kotlin haina kunyanya kushandiswa. Nepo Kotlin iri nyore kudzidza kupfuura Java, isarudzo yakanaka yekuvandudza Android. Kotlin iri nyore kudzidza pane Java uye ndiwo mutauro unokurudzirwa neGoogle pakuvandudza Android. Inopawo mamwe rutsigiro rwekusimudzira Android.

Kotlin

Kana uri kuronga kushandisa Kotlin programming mutauro we Android app kuvandudza, pane zvinhu zvishoma zvaunofanira kuziva kutanga. Kunyange zvazvo ichipa zvakawanda zvakanakira, zvinoda nguva yakati rebei yekudzidza. Hazvisi nyore semamwe mitauro yekuronga uye zvinoda kunyorazve mapurojekiti uye nekuagadzirisa. Zvadaro zvakare, kana iwe uri serious nezvekugadzira mhondi app, unenge wakagadzirira kubata chero dambudziko rinouya kwauri. Chimwe chinhu chaunofanira kuyeuka ndechekuti Kotlin ichaita maitiro ekuita chirongwa chako nekukurumidza.

Kubva payakaunzwa pamusangano weGoogle I/O mu 2017, Kotlin yakawana mukurumbira wakawanda uye iri kukurumidza kupfuura Java semutauro unonyanya kufarirwa wehurongwa hwe Android. Mutauro mutsva uyu wakanyanya kupfupika uye haunyanyi kuita boilerplate kodhi. Iyo zvakare inoderedza kudiwa kwekuyedzwa kwakakura uye kugadzirisa kweapp, zvichiita kuti tsikidzi shoma uye kubonderana kudiki. Kuenzaniswa neJava, Kotlin kodhi idiki uye yakanyanya kupfupika.

Nepo Java yagara iri hwaro hwezvigadzirwa zveAroid, mutauro mutsva Kotlin waita kuti vagadziri vakawanda vafungezve maitiro avo ekugadzira mapurogiramu. Kotlin yakagadzirwa neRussia yekutanga JetBrains uye yakavakirwa pamushini weJava chaiwo. Yakataipa, mutauro wekugadzirisa unoshanda unomhanya paJava virtual muchina. Chinangwa cheKotlin ndechekupa nekukurumidza kuunganidza nguva uye kuita kuti mapurogiramu ave nyore kuchengetedza.

Fragmentation

Kushandisa Fragmentation mu Android app kuvandudza kunobvumira vanogadzira kushandisa callbacks kubata hupenyu hwezvimedu.. Nzira idzi dzinowanzoshandiswa Android Apps, uye sanganisira onCreate, onStart, pa Pause, onDestroy, uye onResume. Kushandisa callbacks kunogona kuita kuti zvimedu zvako zvive modular, standalone, uye reusable components. Vanogonawo kubatsira app yako kupindura kune akasiyana callbacks uye zvinangwa, uye inogona kupfuudza nharo kukutanga kwechiitiko chemubereki.

Mune Android app kuvandudza, chidimbu chikamu chechiitiko chemushandisi. Zvichienderana nesaizi yescreen yemudziyo, zvidimbu zvinofanirwa kuve zvakasununguka uye modular. Zvimedu zvinoshandiswa zvakare pakati pezviitwa, uye inogona kusanganiswa kugadzira chiitiko chimwe chete. Pamusoro pe, zvidimbu zvinogona kushandiswa zvakare mumasikirini akasiyana. Kupatsanura kunoita kuti zvive nyore kune vanogadzira kuchengetedza iyo kodhi yeapp.

Kushandisa Zvimedu mu Android app kuvandudza kunobvisa dambudziko rezvisiri-null UI zvinhu. Pane kuita zvidimbu zvidimbu kubva kuBasa, iwe unogona kugadzira akaparadzana Zvimedu kune yega fomu chinhu. Zvimedu zvine mabasa eUI chete kune iyo fomu factor, saka Chiitiko chako chinogona kugovera UI mutoro kune yakakodzera Fragment. Chimedu chinogona kuva nezvikamu zvakawanda, semabhatani kana menyu.

Kupatsanurwa mu Android app kuvandudza inyaya inoenderera mberi. Vazhinji vanogadzira nharembozha vari kugadzirisa iyo Android OS kuti ikwane imwe mudziyo. Izvi zvinotungamira kune misiyano yakawanda mukodhi, zvinoreva kuti shanduro dzakasiyana dzekushandisa dzichamhanya zvakasiyana. Zvevagadziri, iri rinogona kuva dambudziko guru, asi Google iri kushanda kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Nekupa Android inoenderana chirongwa, vagadziri vanogona kusefa zviri nyore kuti ndezvipi zvishandiso neshanduro dzavanogona kugadzira.

Native user interfaces

Native user interfaces mu Android app kuvandudza inogona kugadzirwa nekubatanidza Java programming uye XML. Android maonero anopa maitiro ekugadzirisa, nepo ViewGroups inhengo dzekuzvarwa dzinogona kuwedzera dhizaini zvinhu kana maitiro akajairwa. Semuyenzaniso, iyo PejiViewer yekuona boka inopa yakachinjika swiping mubrowser, zvakafanana neGoogle app. Iyo application inogona kushandisa ese ari maviri maonero uye ViewGroups kuona kuti iri nyore kushandisa.

Kunyange paine akawanda mabhenefiti ekushandisa hybrid dhizaini nzira, haisi nguva dzose inodhura-inoshanda mhinduro. Vazhinji vanogadzira iOS vanoona kuti mutengo wekugadzira app yemapuratifomu ese ari maviri unorambidza. Sezvineiwo, mashoma ane simba masisitimu anoita kuti zvive nyore kuita yemuno UI dhizaini mu Android. Asi vagadziri veUI vanofanirwawo kufunga kuti nhungamiro dzeUI dzakasiyana kune iOS uye Android. Tsika yekushandiswa kweAroid inogona kuda kushanda nesimba, kunyanya kana chinangwa chikuru cheapp ndechekunongedza vashandisi ve iPhone.

Vashandisi veAndroid vanogona kuwana maapplication kuburikidza neiyo hardware interface uye iyo OS's mushandisi interface (UI). Iyo UI inomiririra inooneka yeimwe system, senge chidzitiro chemba uye pani yekuzivisa. Iyo UI zvese zviri zviviri Hardware uye software uye inogona kusanganisira application windows, Mapeji ewebhu, mobile app skrini, uye geji uye mwenje. Native UIs zvakare inopa mukana wekushanda zvizere pane akasiyana siyana emidziyo.

Testing

Kune mhando mbiri huru dzekuyedza Android app: bvunzo dzeyuniti uye bvunzo dzekubatanidza. Mayedzo eyuniti zvimedu zvidiki zvekodhi zvinosimbisa kushanda; bvunzo dzekupedzisira dzinomhanya pamudziyo chaiwo, nepo bvunzo dzekubatanidza dzinoratidza kuti app inoshanda sei pamamodule ese. Kubatanidza bvunzo dzinofanirwa kuverengera zvakatenderedza 20% yenhamba yese yebvunzo. Kana iwe uri mugadziri mutsva, zvinogona kubatsira kushandisa test codelab kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve maitiro aya.

Iwe unozofanirwa kugadzira APK usati watanga kunyora bvunzo. Miedzo ine zviridzwa inomhanya pachishandiso uye inoda kuti ubatanidze iyo Android chimiro, iyo inowanikwa kuburikidza ne Android ADB. Kuita kuti zvese zvishande, iwe uchada kuve nechokwadi kuti une anodiwa bvunzo raibhurari. Kana raibhurari yako yekuyedza isingabatanidzi izvi, uchanetseka kuzvibatanidza. Sezvineiwo, bvunzo dzakagadzirwa dzinobatsira zvinoshamisa uye dziri nyore kushandisa.

Kuti uite bvunzo munharaunda yako pamushini wako wekuvandudza, shandisa Robolectric. Ichi chimiro chakagadzirwa kuti chishande pamugamuchiri wenzvimbo uye chinotevera maitiro akanakisa ekunyomba. Robolectric inonyanya kubatsira pakuyedza Android apps nekuti inokutendera kuti umhanye bvunzo pane zvinoenderana neAroid uye inokurumidza uye yakachena pakuedzwa kweyuniti.. Inogona zvakare kutevedzera nguva yekumhanya pa Android 4.1 uye inotsigira manyepo anochengetwa munharaunda. Nenzira iyi, unogona kuyedza kodhi yako pasina emulator.

Distribution

Kune akawanda nzira dzekushambadzira dzeAroid apps. Yekutanga uye yekutanga ndiyo Google Play. Iyi musika ndiyo yakakura kwazvo yerudzi rwayo uye inobvumira vanogadzira kugovera maapplication avo nenzira dzakasiyana siyana. Pamusoro peApp Store uye Google Play, Android ine mamwe mashoma ekugovera nzira. Kana app yako ichivavarira kusvika kune vakawanda vateereri, zvingava pfungwa yakanaka kuaongorora ose. Kune zvakare dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana dzekuparadzira app yako, kusanganisira misika yemafoni seAmazon App Store, iyo iTunes Store, uye Play Store.

Kana yako Android app yapera, unogona kuigovera kune vanoedza. Nokuda kweizvi, iwe unozofanirwa kugadzira iri nyore frontend inogonesa vanoedza kuisa iyo app. Kana vaedzi vatora iyo app, vanofanirwa kusaina mumaakaundi avo kana kuvhura email panharembozha dzavo. Izvi zvinogona kutora nguva zvakanyanya uye zvinotungamira mukushaikwa shanduko. Neimwe nzira, unogona kushandisa cross-platform yekuongorora kugovera.

Imwe bhenefiti ye Android app kuvandudza ndeyekuti zviri nyore kugadzirisa. Nekuti Android ipuratifomu inogoneka kwazvo, vagadziri vanogona kuigadzirisa zviri nyore kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvebhizinesi ravo. Uyezve, pamwe Android, hapana chikuva chekugovera chimwe chete, saka vanogadzira vanogona kugadzira akawanda ekugovera chiteshi kune avo maapuro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanogona kusvika kune vakawanda vanonangwa vateereri, iyo inobatsira zvikuru kune chero bhizinesi. Uye, sezvo chikuva chiri chakavhurika sosi, izvi zvinopa vanogadzira dzimwe sarudzo uye rusununguko rwekugadzira Android apps.