Iiplatforms ezahlukeneyo zoPhuhliso lwe-Android

Kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi phakathi kwe-iOS kunye nophuhliso lwe-Android. Kwi-iOS, usetyenziso lwenziwa ngeXcode, ulwimi lokuprograma oluyilelwe i-Swift kunye neNjongo-C. Android, kwelinye icala, ikuvumela ukuba ube nenkululeko engakumbi. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi ze-Android, kwaye kufuneka usebenzise isoftwe efanelekileyo ukwakha usetyenziso lwakho.

Into Pascal

Ukuba ujonge ulwimi lwe-OOPS ukuphuhlisa ii-apps ze-Android, ungafuna ukuzama i-Object Pascal. Lulwandiso lolwimi lwenkqubo lwePascal oluxhasa inkqubo ejolise kwinto kwaye luqulunqa kwikhowudi yemveli.. I-Object Pascal lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kubaphuhlisi kuba ibhetyebhetye kwaye kulula ukuyifunda. Unokufumana iinguqulelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze-Object Pascal kumaqonga ahlukeneyo. Object Pascal ngumthombo ovulekileyo kwaye lukhetho olukhulu lwabaqalayo.

I-Object Pascal inenkqubo yohlobo oluqinileyo kunye neempawu ezininzi zeconcurrency, kuquka imisebenzi, kwixesha elizayo, kunye nemisonto yangasemva. Olu lwimi lukwande kakhulu. Yayiphuhliselwe inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yiMacApp, eyayiyikhompyuter enokuxhasa izicelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Iimpawu zayo zivumela kwakhona i-polymorphism, into yelifa, ukuvalwa, kunye nenaliti yokuxhomekeka. Ikwaxhasa izakhiwo zedatha ezichwethezwe ngamandla kwaye ibandakanya inani lezinye iimpawu ezifana nolwimi.

I-Object Pascal lulwimi lwenkqubo olunamandla nolusetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Ayijongwa njengolwimi oluphelelwe lixesha kwaye isebenza kakuhle neendawo ezininzi zophuhliso lwangoku. Inyaniso, ide isetyenziswe kwii-IDE ezifana noLazaro kunye neNjini yoMdlalo weNqaba11. Zombini ezi ndawo ziyahambelana ne-Android kunye ne-iOS. Ukuba ungathanda ukuzama i-Object Pascal yophuhliso lwe-Android, unokukhuphela uguqulelo lwasimahla lolwimi okanye uzame enye yezinto ezininzi ezikhoyo ngokurhweba ze-Object Pascal compilers.

Object Pascal ikwaxhasa ngaphandle. Ungasebenzisa ngaphandle okwakhelwe ngaphakathi okanye uchaze eyakho. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona abancedisi beklasi (iyafana neempawu kwiSmalltalk kunye neendlela zoKwandiswa kweC #), ekuvumela ukuba wongeze iindlela kwiiklasi ezikhoyo. Ngaphezu koko, ixhasa iiGenerics, ekuvumela ukuba uchaze iindidi ezisebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lwezinto.

Java

Ukuphuhlisa i-Android kulula kakhulu ngeJava. Ulwimi kulula ukulufunda kwaye lwayilwa kucingwa ngabaqulunqi benkqubo abatsha. Ukusebenzisa iJava kuphuhliso lwe-Android kuthetha ukuba unokwenza usetyenziso ngokukhawuleza kwaye uchithe imali encinci kwizixhobo zoqeqesho. Unokusebenzisana nabaphuhlisi abanamava kwaye uthembele kubuchule babo.

Kuphuhliso lwe-Android, IJava lolona lwimi lusetyenziswayo. Ungafumana isifundo malunga neJava apha: IJava Programming Basics. Iya kukufundisa iziseko zolwimi kwaye ikubonise indlela yokuphuhlisa i-app ye-Android. Ukusebenzisa esi sifundo, unokwakha i-app yakho yokuqala ye-Android ngokukhawuleza! Zininzi ezinye izifundo ezifumanekayo kwi-intanethi eziya kukunceda uqalise.

Kuphuhliso lwe-Android, imisebenzi yintliziyo yesicelo. Umsebenzi ngamnye liphepha lesikrini ohamba uye kulo ngokucofa kulo. KwiJava, uya kwenza iklasi ebizwa ngokuba yiMainActivity, oluludidi olusezantsi loMsebenzi weklasi ye-Android. Iya kuba yeyona ndawo iphambili yokungena kwi-app yakho kwaye iqulathe iindlela ezinjengezo eziphambili() kwaye kwiDala().

IJava yenye yezona lwimi zilula zokucwangcisa ukufunda. Ulwimi lwaphuhliswa okokuqala nguJames Gosling weSun Microsystems, eyathi kamva yathengwa nguOracle. Ngoku isetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Olu lulwimi olugqwesileyo lokudala usetyenziso lweselula. Ukuba ungumphuhlisi wewebhu ofuna ukufunda uphuhliso lwe-Android, Kuya kufuneka ucinge ngokusebenzisa i-Ionic. Iilayibrari zayo kunye nezixhobo zenza kube lula ukwenza into elula, app interactive.

Kuphuhliso lwe-Android kwiJava, ungasebenzisa i-Eclipse. Le IDE yomthombo ovulekileyo ineempawu ezininzi eziluncedo, kuquka ukulungisa ingxaki. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona iKotlin. I-Kotlin iqokelela kwi-bytecode njengoko iJava isenza.

Kotlin

Kutshanje uGoogle ubhengeze ukuba uza kutshintsha uphuhliso lwe-Android kwiKotlin. Ulwimi lwenkqubo olutsha lulwimi oluchwetheziweyo olusebenza kumatshini weJava onenyani. UGoogle ukhuthaza abaphuhlisi ukuba basebenzise i-Kotlin yophuhliso lwe-app ye-Android kwaye ilungelelanise i-Android Studio ukuvumela abaphuhlisi ukuba bayisebenzise..

I-Kotlin lulwimi olunamandla oluvumela abaphuhlisi ukuba benze izicelo ngokukhawuleza. Ingasetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi kwaye iqulunqa kwi-bytecode yeJava. Ine-syntax enembile eyenza kube lula kubaphuhlisi ukubhala ikhowudi kwaye bayigcine ngokulula ngakumbi. Nje ngeziphumo, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphuhliso lwezicelo ze-Android.

Ngoxa i-Kotlin ingenamandla njengeJava, kukho iingenelo zokuyisebenzisa kuphuhliso lwe-Android app. Kulula ukuyiqonda kwaye ibonelela ngamaxwebhu amaninzi, eluncedo ukuba ufuna ukwenza utshintsho ngokukhawuleza. Enye inzuzo yeKotlin kukuhambelana kwayo okuphezulu. Ngokungafaniyo neJava, ingasetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa usetyenziso lweqonga elinqamlezileyo.

IJava isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo zedesktop, kodwa i-Kotlin iya ithandwa kakhulu ngabaphuhlisi abasebenza kwii-apps ze-Android. Nje ngeziphumo, ezininzi ze-Android-Entwicklungsteams zenziwe ngabadwelisi benkqubo abatsha abanokuthi bangayazi kakuhle iJava.. Oku kuthetha ukuba banokugqiba ngokulula iiprojekthi ngaphandle kokuchitha isixa esikhulu sezibonelelo kuqeqesho. Ukwengeza, banokusebenzisa izakhono zabaphuhlisi abanamava njengoko kuyimfuneko.

IKotlin lulwimi oluchwetheziweyo olunika ukhuseleko lokuchwetheza olugqwesileyo. Ikhusela ukuchwetheza okungafunekiyo ngokusebenzisa i-Type Inference ukuchonga izinto eziguquguqukayo. Ikwaxhasa imisebenzi efana nezilinganayo(), Ikhowudi ye-hash(), kunye neString(), kwaye ivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba benze iiKlasi zeDatha.

I-Gradle

Abaphuhlisi be-Android abafuna ukuphuhlisa usetyenziso lweselula kufuneka bafunde malunga neGradle yophuhliso lwe-Android. Le software inika ukusebenza okunamandla kweCI/CD evumela abaphuhlisi ukuba benze kwaye baqhube izicelo zabo ngokuzithemba. Ikwabonelela ngomhleli ekulula ukuwusebenzisa ukubhala ikhowudi kwiifayile ze.xml kunye ne.java.

Le software ikuvumela ukuba wenze izicelo Android ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, iquka iifayile ze-java kunye ne-xml. Iimpawu zayo ezinamandla zikuvumela ukuba wenze izicelo ezinzima ngokulula. Ikwakunceda wenze inkqubo yokwakha engaguqukiyo. Ngokulandela uluhlu lwamanyathelo anokuphinda asetyenziswe, unokwenza isicelo esithembeke ngakumbi nesigcinekayo.

I-Gradle sisixhobo sokwakha esidumileyo esenza lula inkqubo yophuhliso lwe-Android ngokwenza inkqubo yokwakha ngokuzenzekelayo, ukonga ixesha elininzi kunye nemali. Ixhasa amakhulukhulu esandiso se-Android kwaye isebenza kunye neKit yoPhuhliso lweJava. Isimahla kunye nomthombo ovulekileyo, kwaye ikhuphisana nezinye iinkqubo zokwakha ezifanayo njengeApache Ant kunye neMaven. Inelayisensi phantsi kwe-Apache 2.0 ilayisenisi.

I-Gradle ixhasa indawo yokugcina iMaven, ukwenza kube lula ukupapasha nokulawula ukuxhomekeka kwiprojekthi. Ukongeza, ikuvumela ukuba wenze iiprojekthi ezininzi zokwakha, ngeprojekthi yengcambu kunye naliphi na inani leeprojekthi ezincinci. I-Gradle ikwaxhasa ulwakhiwo olungaphelelanga. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba iprojekthi idinga ukwakhiwa kwakhona, I-Gradle iya kuphinda yakhe iprojekthi phambi kokuzama ukwakha naziphi na iiprojekthi ezingakumbi.

Vula Umnikezi

I-Android Open Source Project liqonga lentsebenziswano lokuphuhlisa isoftware yezixhobo ze-Android. Ingumthombo ovulekileyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ikhowudi ingasetyenziswa nguye nawuphi na umenzi wesixhobo. Uninzi lwabenzi be-smartphone abangeyiyo i-iPhone basebenzisa ikhowudi ye-Android kwiimveliso zabo, kuquka LG, Motorola, Samsung, kunye ne-HTC. Abanye abavelisi baquka i-OnePlus, Xiaomi, kunye nembeko. Usetyenziso lwe-Android lusasazwa kusetyenziswa ifomati ye-APK.

I-Android yinkqubo evulekileyo yokusebenza yeselula eyenziwe nguGoogle. Yiprojekthi yomthombo ovulekileyo obonelela ngekhowudi yomthombo kunye nolunye ulwazi lokudala iinguqulelo eziqhelekileyo zeqonga, kunye nezixhobo zokubeka eqongeni. Injongo yeprojekthi kukudala inkqubo yendalo esempilweni yezigidi zabasebenzisi be-Android abasebenzisa iqonga.

Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba uphuhliso lwe-Android sisakhono esilula ukusifunda. Iqonga lilula, kwaye unokufumana izixhobo ezininzi kwi-intanethi. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto zinokunciphisa amathuba akho omsebenzi njengomphuhlisi we-Android. Ubukho bamava ngomnye umba onokukunciphisa amathuba akho engqesho, kodwa ngokuthetha ngokubanzi, uya kukwazi ukufumana umsebenzi njengomphuhlisi we-Android ngaphandle kwamava.

Indalo evulelekileyo yophuhliso lwe-Android yenza kube lula kuye nabani na onombono ukwenza i-app yakhe ye-Android. I-Android lelinye lamaqonga adumileyo ophuhliso losetyenziso. Kwakhona kulula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye ibhetyebhetye. Loo nto yenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olukhulu lomsebenzi kwabo banolwazi olulinganiselweyo lwetekhnoloji. Iqonga yisoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo, ekuvumela ukuba ulungise ubeko kwaye wongeze iimpawu ezifanelekileyo ngokuxhomekeke kubaphulaphuli bakho.