Ukuqalisa nge-Android Apps Programmieren

Ukuba ujonge ikhosi yenkqubo ye-Android app, kufuneka ucinge ngokuthatha ujongo kwi-Android Programming for Beginners series. Le khosi yeencwadi ezintathu iya kukufundisa iJava, Inkqubo eJoliswe kwiNjongo, imidlalo yokucwangcisa, kunye ne-JSON-Data evela kwi-intanethi. Kwakhona kuya kukunceda uqonde iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza ezikhoyo Android. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, bona iNkqubo ye-Android yabaQalayo: Izinto Ezisisiseko

Ii-apps eziphathwayo zomthonyama ziiapps ezibhalwe ngolwimi oluxhaswa ngumthengisi we-OS yesixhobo

izicelo zomthonyama mobile (Ii-NMAs) ziapps ezibhalwe ngolwimi ezixhaswa ngumthengisi wesixhobo se-OS. Ii-apps zomthonyama zibonelela ngamava amangalisayo. Abaphuhlisi banokusebenzisa ii-SDK zomthonyama, ezenzelwe ngokukodwa iqonga lesixhobo, ukwenza ii -apps eziziva ngathi ziyinxalenye engenakwahlulwa yesixhobo. Kodwa, Iiapps zomthonyama zibiza kakhulu ukuphuhlisa, kwaye zibotshelelwe kumthengisi we-OS wesixhobo esithile. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, Uninzi lwemidlalo yevidiyo yezixhobo eziphathwayo ziiapps zomthonyama.

Ngelixa ezinye zeempawu ezikhoyo kwisicelo semveli azifumaneki kwi-app yewebhu ephathwayo, oku akuthethi ukuba awukwazi ukubhala izicelo ezingezizo ezemveli zeqonga eliphathwayo. Ukuphuhlisa usetyenziso lweselula lwemveli kulula kunangaphambili, enkosi izixhobo ezifana Xamarin MonoTouch kunye Appcelerator Titanium.

Enye inzuzo enkulu yokwakha i-app yemveli kukuphatheka kwayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezicelo zewebhu, Ii-apps zomthonyama zingqale ngeqonga. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yophuhliso iya kukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye unokuphumeza amanqaku aphambili. Usetyenziso lweselula lwemveli lukwabhalwa kwimeko yolwimi kunye nophuhliso oluxhaswa ngumthengisi we-OS yesixhobo. Ngelixa iJava lolona lwimi ludumileyo lwenkqubo yophuhliso losetyenziso lweselula, I-Kotlin ifumana ukuthandwa njengendlela esebenzayo kubaphuhlisi.

I-Android yinkqubo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ephathwayo. Iphuhliswe ngokuyintloko nguGoogle kwaye ikhuthazwa ziimpawu zayo zeNexus kunye nePixel. Abavelisi abaninzi bavelisa izixhobo ze-Android. Abanye babo basebenzisa i-CyanogenMod kunye ne-MIUI. Kukwakho nemiba emininzi eyahlukeneyo yeefom kunye nobukhulu onokukhetha kuzo. Ngoko, yeyiphi ekulungeleyo? Ngethemba, eli nqaku liza kukunceda wenze isigqibo.

Iiapps zomthonyama zomthonyama zibhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwaye ziyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa notshintsho kunye nempendulo evela kubasebenzisi. Ukongeza, Iiapps zomthonyama zomthonyama zinokuhlaziywa ukongeza amanqaku amatsha ngokusekwe kwiindlela zentengiso kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. Ii-apps zomthonyama zikwabonelela ngeqonga lophuhliso oluqhubekayo, ukuvumela ishishini lakho ukuba likhule. Kwaye, banokukunceda ukuba uye phambili kukhuphiswano. Ngendlela efanelekileyo, apps zakho zemveli mobile ingaba yimpumelelo!

Ukungalungi kwee-apps ze-cross-platform zimbalwa, kodwa zinokuba nzima. Nangona zombini zineenzuzo, Ii-apps ze-cross-platform azikho bhetyebhetye kwaye zinemiba yokuhambelana. Bathatha indawo enkulu kwaye banqongophele xa kufikwa kwi-UI/UX. Iiapps eziphathwayo zomthonyama nazo ziphendula ngakumbi, ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zangasemva. Ekugqibeleni, Iiapps zomthonyama lolona khetho lulungileyo lweapp yakho yeselula.

Enye into ephantsi kwii-apps ezixubileyo kukungabikho kwenkxaso kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Ii-apps eziphathwayo zomthonyama, kwelinye icala, sebenza kuwo onke amaqonga amakhulu. Ziyakwazi ukufakwa kwisixhobo ngendlela efanayo ne-app ye-hybrid. Iiapps zomthonyama zomthonyama zomelele ngakumbi, kodwa umntu oqhelekileyo usenokungawazi umahluko phakathi kwabo. Umahluko wokwenyani kuphela phakathi kwee-apps zomthonyama kunye ne-hybrid lulwimi.

Usetyenziso lwewebhu oluqhubela phambili lusetyenziso olubhalwe ngolwimi oluxhaswa ngumthengisi we-OS yesixhobo

I-app yewebhu eqhubekayo (PWA) sisicelo somnqamlezo-qonga esinokusebenza nakweliphi na iqonga, kuquka iidesktop, iiselfowuni, kunye neetafile. Ngenxa yokuba umxholo ubhalwe ngolwimi oluxhaswa ngumthengisi we-OS yesixhobo, ezi apps zisebenza kuzo zonke iibrowser ezihambelana nemigangatho, kuquka HTML kunye CSS. Ukwengeza, ziyahambelana neenguqulelo ze-OS ezininzi zesixhobo, kuquka izixhobo ezisekelwe kwi-ARM.

Zombini ii-apps zomthonyama kunye nenkqubela phambili yewebhu zinezibonelelo zazo. Ngelixa usetyenziso lwewebhu oluqhubekayo luhlala lubhalwa ngolwimi oluxhaswa ngumthengisi we-OS yesixhobo, ababelani ngoovimba bedatha yesixhobo. Bathembele kwidatha evela kwisikhangeli endaweni yehardware yesixhobo kunye nesoftware, kubenza ukuba basebenzise amandla ngakumbi kunabalingane babo bomthonyama. Kodwa ngelixa ii-apps zemveli zinenzuzo yokufikelela kwi-hardware yesixhobo kunye nokugcina ubomi bebhetri, izicelo zewebhu eziqhubekayo musa.

Ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wenkonzo kuvumela usetyenziso lwewebhu oluqhubela phambili ukuba lusebenzise iicache ezicwangcisiweyo zomxholo. I-cache yewebhu ye-HTTP eqhelekileyo, ngokuphikisana, igcina umxholo kuphela emva kokusetyenziswa kwayo okokuqala, kwaye ixhomekeke kwi-heuristics ukumisela xa ingasafuneki. I-cache enokucwangciswa, okuchasene, inokulanda umxholo ngokucacileyo phambi kokuba umsebenzisi awucele, kwaye uyilahle xa ingasafuneki. Ngokungafaniyo ne-cache yewebhu yeHTTP eqhelekileyo, usetyenziso lwewebhu oluqhubela phambili lunokwenza amaphepha azo afikeleleke ngaphandle kweintanethi kunye nothungelwano olukumgangatho ophantsi.

Ii-apps zomthonyama ziyacotha ukuphuhlisa nokugcina, kodwa kulula ukuzisebenzisa kwisixhobo. Zikwabiza kakhulu ukuzigcina, njengoko usetyenziso lwemveli kufuneka lufakwe kwisixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, abaphuhlisi be-app yeselula banokubhala iintlobo ezifanayo zee-apps zamaqonga amaninzi. Ukuphela kokungalunganga kwee-apps ezixubileyo kukuba zifuna amaqokobhe emveli ahlukeneyo kwi-Android kunye ne-Apple iOS. Ukwengeza, Ii-apps ezixubileyo zilungele ngcono uphuhliso lwe-MVP kunye neeprojekthi ezilula ezisekelwe kumxholo.

Xa kuziwa ekuqaliseni i-app yewebhu eqhubekayo, ulwimi olusebenzisayo kufuneka luxhaswe yinkqubo yokusebenza yesixhobo. Le ndlela, unokuqinisekisa ukuba usetyenziso luqhuba kakuhle kumaqonga ahlukeneyo. Ukuba unesixhobo esiphathwayo esingaxhasi ii-apps zomthonyama, usenako ukuyisasaza ngeApp Store. Unokugcina i-PWA kwiscreen sasekhaya sesixhobo sakho ngaphandle kokukhuphela ifayile.

Ngaphandle kokuthandwa kweePWAs, Iiapps zomthonyama zisenakho ukunika amava aphezulu. Basebenzisa iifitsha ezithile kwisixhobo njengekhamera, igyroscope, kunye ne-accelerometer ukubonelela ngamava angcono omsebenzisi. Iiapps zomthonyama zinokuguqula idatha exabisekileyo ibe ngamava. Umzekelo, bayakwazi ukulandelela indawo yomsebenzisi, tshisa iikhalori, kwaye ndibonise ifanitshala yokwenyani eyandisiweyo.

Esona sisombululo sithandwa kakhulu kuphuhliso losetyenziso lwemveli. Isisiseko seenkqubo ezininzi ezaziwayo ezifana ne-LinkedIn, PokemonGo, ITelegram, kunye neeMaphu zikaGoogle. Le ndlela ifanelekile ekudaleni izicelo zeselula ekulula ukuzisebenzisa nokugcina. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuyiqonda loo nto 80% yabathengi baya kuzama i-app ephathwayo kanye kuphela. Nokuba ukusebenza kancinci kancinci kunokutyhafisa ukusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqalisa ngee-apps ze-Android

Ukuqalisa nge-Android apps programming kulula, kodwa hayi ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzazi. Amaqokobhe enathi, uya kufuna ukwenza umsebenzi (iwindow kwikhusi apho umsebenzisi adibana nayo) kwaye ubhale ikhowudi yayo. Umsebenzi uvumela umsebenzisi ukuba enze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, njengokufowunela umhlobo okanye ukuthumela i-imeyile. Kuxhomekeke kubungakanani beskrini, iwindow yomsebenzi inokuthatha isikrini sonke okanye ibe ncinci. Iyakwazi ukubeka ngaphezulu kwezinye iifestile.

Unokufunda ikhowudi ye-Android ngokufunda iziseko zeJava kunye neXML. Uyakufuna kwakhona ukufunda malunga neNdawo yoPhuhliso eDityanisiweyo (IDE) kunye nokwakha izixhobo ezizenzekelayo. Umzekelo, ungasebenzisa i-Eclipse okanye i-IDE ye-studio ye-Android. Unokufunda kwakhona indlela yokulawula ukwakha usebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne-Apache Maven kunye ne-Ant. Nje ukuba ufunde iziseko ze-Android apps programming, ungangena kwezinye iiprojekthi, okanye igalelo kwiprojekthi yoluntu.

Inyathelo lokuqala lokufunda ukwenza inkqubo yee-apps ze-Android kukukhuphela kunye nokufaka i-Android Studio. Uya kufuna kwakhona iJava kunye neKit yoPhuhliso lweJava (JDK). Nje ukuba ukwikhompyuter, vula imenyu yeSitudiyo se-Android kwaye ucofe 'kwiprojekthi entsha'. Ukusuka apha, ungenza ngokusesikweni iinketho. Ungabhala kwakhona ikhowudi kwi-Android Studio. Qinisekisa ukuba unoguqulelo lwamva nje lweJava Development Kit (IJava SDK).

Emva kokuba uneziseko phantsi kwebhanti yakho, unokwakha iiprojekthi ezinzima ngakumbi ngokusekelwe kumava akho kunye nokufunda. Unako kwakhona ukwakha app yakho yokuqala ukusuka template. Ukusebenzisa i-Android Studio, ungasebenzisa itemplates ezininzi kunye namacandelo akhoyo. Njengoko izakhono zakho ziphucuka, unokwenza iprojekthi ibe yeyakho kwaye wongeze iimpawu. Ukuqalisa ngenkqubo ye-Android apps akukho nzima njengoko unokucinga. Ngokufunda iindawo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yophuhliso, uya kuba nakho ukuphuhlisa usetyenziso oluhlangabezana neenjongo zakho.

Ukuqalisa ngophuhliso lwe-Android apps, kubalulekile ukukhetha indlela yokufunda eyiyo. Iqonga leprogram ye-Android yenye yezona nkqubo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiselula emhlabeni, ngamakhulu ezigidi zezixhobo eziqhutywa yiyo ngaphezulu 190 amazwe. Ngala manani, Akumangalisi ukuba i-Android iya kulawula imarike yeselula 2020. Ngokulandela inyathelo lokufundisa ngenyathelo, ungazilungiselela ukuba ube ngumphuhlisi we-Android. Kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi oluthile lwemvelaphi kwiJava, XML, kunye neKotlin ngaphambi kokuzama uphuhliso lwe-Android app.

Nje ukuba uphumelele ezi ziseko, ungazama i-Android Jetpack Compose toolkit. Isixhobo esisekelwe kwi-Kotlin, olululwimi lwenkqubo olusebenzisana neJava. Ikwabonelela ngeendidi zamathala eencwadi ze-Android. Amathala eencwadi asekelwe kwindawo yegama ye-androidx ye-Android. Esi sithuba samagama sithatha indawo yeThala leeNkxaso kwaye ihambelana ngokupheleleyo neJava. Ukwenza iprojekthi ye-app, vula iSitudiyo se-Android kwaye ukhethe enye yeetemplate zeprojekthi ezixhaswayo.