Uzicwangcisa njani iiApps ze-Android

Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nenkqubo ye-Android, le ncwadi iya kuba luncedo kakhulu kuwe. Iya kukwazisa ngezona zihloko zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzazi xa usakha i-app ye-Android ejongeka njengengcali. Ukusuka kugcino lwedatha ukuya ekuqhubekeni kwedatha, iinkqubo zangasemva, kunye neeNkonzo ze-Intanethi, Le ncwadi izakubonisa yonke into ekufuneka uyazi ukwenza usetyenziso olujongeka njengobungcali. Incwadi iya kukunceda ufunde ukusebenzisa i-Android Studio ukuphuhlisa i-app yakho.

Udweliso olujolise kwinjongo

Ukusebenzisa iJava ukwakha ii-apps zakho ze-Android akukho nzima, njengoko ilandela amava kunye nolindelo lwenkqubo ye-OO. Le ncwadi igubungela iziseko zophuhliso lwe-Android, kuquka usetyenziso olubonisayo, Uyilo lomsebenzi, ukulungisa ingxaki, uvavanyo, kunye noovimba beenkcukacha zeSQLite. Uya kufunda kwakhona malunga nemiyalezo ye-Android, Uqhubekeko lwe-XML, JSON, kunye nokuthunga. Uya kufumana ukuqonda kakuhle kwetekhnoloji esisiseko, kuquka i-Android SDK.

Iilwimi ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zophuhliso lwe-Android app yiJava kunye neKotlin. IJava lolona lwimi ludala ukwenza usetyenziso, kodwa abaphuhlisi abaninzi baphendukela kwi-Kotlin ngekhowudi yayo ecacileyo ye-syntax kunye nokulula kokufunda. Java, ngelixa ulona lwimi ludumileyo lokwakha ii-apps ze-Android, isakugcinile ukuthandwa kwayo kumathala eencwadi ayo abanzi kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo. Kotlin, kwelinye icala, yenziwe nguJetBrains, inkampani efanayo eyenza iJava.

Inkqubo ejolise kwizinto yindlela yokucwangcisa idatha ngendlela enengqiqo. Into nganye inedatha yayo kunye nokuziphatha, kwaye zonke zichazwa ngokweeklasi. Njengokuba, iklasi yeAkhawunti yeBhanki iya kuba nedatha kunye neendlela zokugcina kunye nokucima ii-akhawunti. Ezi zinto ziya kuba neendlela ezifana ne-deductFromAccount() kwaye getAccountHolderName(). Ezi ndlela zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwesicelo seBankAccount.

IJava yayilulwimi lokuqala olusetyenziselwa ukwakha ii-apps ze-Android. Kodwa njengoko iKotlin ifumene ukuthandwa kwihlabathi le-Android, iinkampani ezininzi ezinkulu zetekhnoloji ziguqukela kolu lwimi kwiiprojekthi zabo. Twitter, Netflix, kunye neTrello, zonke zakhiwe ngeKotlin. Kodwa i-Open Handset Alliance yasebenzisa iJava kujongano lomsebenzisi we-Android OS. Nangona iJava inokudityaniswa ibe yi-bytecode kwaye iqhutywe kwi-JVM, ayinazo izixhobo zokucwangcisa ezikumgangatho ophantsi njengoko iC ++ isenza.

ShareActionProvider

Ukuphucula intsebenziswano kunye namacandelo emenyu ye-Android apps, ungasebenzisa iShareActionProvider. Eli thala leencwadi lenza iimenyu ezisezantsi eziguqukayo kwaye lenze iintshukumo ezisemgangathweni. Iyazichaza kwifayile yesixhobo semenyu ye-XML. Ngokongeza eli thala kwi-app yakho, ungabelana ngedatha nabasebenzisi bakho, kuquka namaxabiso esitokhwe. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi, ndwendwela iwebhusayithi esemthethweni. Nazi ezinye zezona klasi zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwi-ShareActionProvider:

Iklasi ye-ShareActionProvider isebenzisa i-ACTION_SEND-Injongo yokwenza isenzo esiyelelene nesabelo. Xa umsebenzisi ecofa i icon ye-app kwi-Action Bar, usetyenziso luya kubonisa uluhlu lwezicelo zokwabelana. Emva kokuba esi sabelo sigqityiwe, i-app ibuyisela umsebenzisi kwi-app yayo ye-Android. Ukusebenzisa ithala leencwadi leShareActionProvider kulula kwaye kulula.

Uya kudinga umboneleli wesenzo sokwabelana kwiiapps ze-Android ukuba uceba ukwabelana ngomxholo kwi-app yakho nabanye abantu. Ukwabelana ngeNjongo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yophuhliso lwe-Android kwaye ibonelela ngokulula, indlela ekulula ukuyisebenzisa yokwabelana nabanye ngolwazi. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-ShareActionProvider idinga imvume yokufunda nokubhala idatha. Ngokuzenzekela, kufuneka ube namalungelo olawulo kusetyenziso lwakho.

Ukuphumeza olu phawu lokwabelana kwi-app yakho, kufuneka udibanise iShareActionProvider kwi-Action Bar. Emva koko, gqithisa umxholo kuMsebenzi kwaye i-ShareActionProvider iya kwenza okuseleyo. Unokwenza nokusebenzisa i-ShareActionProvider kwi-app yakho yeGalari, ngumzekelo omhle wokubonisa ukuba wongeza njani lo msebenzi kwi-app yakho. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nale nto kwiSikhokelo sethu seBar yesenzo.

Umsebenzi Lifecycle Callbacks

Xa udala umsebenzi omtsha kwi-Android, kufuneka usebenzise i-Active Lifecycle Callbacks ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyaqhubeka nokusebenza emva kokuba umsebenzisi eyishiyile i-app. Ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuvuza kwememori, enokuthoba umgangatho wokusebenza kwendlela yakho. Kwakhona, xa usebenzisa ezi ndlela, Kufuneka ukuphephe ukwenza izibalo ezinzulu ngexesha le-OnPause() ukufowuna kuba inokulibazisa utshintsho ukusuka komnye umsebenzi ukuya komnye, nto leyo enokukhokelela kumava omsebenzisi ahlwempuzekileyo.

Umsebenzi weLifecycle Callbacks unokukunceda ukuba ufezekise le njongo ngokubiza iziganeko ezithile ngexesha lezigaba ezahlukeneyo zobomi bomsebenzi.. Ekuqaleni, onDala() kubizwa xa umsebenzi usenziwa okokuqala. I-OnStart() ukufowunelwa kuvamise ukulandelwa yi-OnResume kunye ne-OnPause. Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-onResume callback ibizwa ngaphambi kwe-onStop indlela.

Xa umsebenzi unqumama, i onPause() indlela imisa bonke abaphulaphuli besakhelo kwaye igcina idatha yesicelo. I-OnPause() kunye ne-OnStop() iindlela ziqinisekisiwe ukuba ziya kubizwa phambi kokuba umsebenzi uphele. I-OnResume() indlela ibizwa xa umsebenzi uphinda kwaye ulungelelwaniso luthi luyatshintsha. Inkqubo ye-Android iya kuphinda idale umsebenzi ngolungelelwaniso olutsha. Le ndlela, abasebenzisi beapp yakho baya kuba nakho ukuqalisa umsebenzi wabo kwaye bawusebenzise.

Umsebenzi Lifecycle Callbacks yindlela entle kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuba isicelo sakho sisebenza ngasemva. Le callback ibizwa nanini na xa umsebenzi ungena ngasemva. Ungayibhala ngaphezulu le ndlela ngokubiza indlela kwiklasi ephezulu. Khumbula ukubiza le ndlela xa kuyimfuneko njengoko ungayifowuneli kuya kukhokelela kwi-app yakho ukuba ingqubeke okanye ibambeke kwimeko engaqhelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, qiniseka ukuba ufowunela i-OnPause() indlela xa kufuneka.

Refactoring izixhobo

Ukuba uphuhlisa usetyenziso lwe-Android, Kuya kufuneka ucinge ngokusebenzisa isixhobo sokuphinda senze into. Izixhobo zokuphinda zifumaneke kwi-studio yakho ye-Android okanye i-Xcode refactoring injini. ISitudiyo se-Android sibonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphinda uhlaziywe, iquka ukuthiya ngokutsha iiklasi zeJava, Uyilo, imizobo, kunye neendlela. Ezi zixhobo zokuhlaziya zinoluhlu olubanzi lweenketho, kwaye siza kugubungela nganye nganye kwiindlela zokupheka ezingezantsi.

Izixhobo zokuhlaziya ii-apps ze-Android zinokuphucula umgangatho wekhowudi yakho kunye nokunciphisa ivumba lekhowudi. Ukuthintela imisebenzi ye-I/O kunokuchaphazela kakubi ukuphendula kwesicelo se-smartphone, kunye nokusebenzisa ulwakhiwo olungafanelekanga lwe-async lunokubangela iingxaki ezifana nokuvuza kwememori, ukumosha amandla, kunye nemithombo yobutyebi. Izixhobo zokuhlaziya ziyafumaneka ukuphelisa le miba ngokubuyisela ikhowudi yeasync kwikhowudi elandelelanayo. Isixhobo sokubuyisela kwakhona njenge-ASYNCDROID sinokukhupha imisebenzi ehlala ixesha elide kwi-Android AsyncTask.

Izixhobo zokuhlaziya usetyenziso lwe-Android zinokuphucula usetyenziso lwe-desktop yelifa. Bavumela abaphuhlisi ukuba batshintshe i-codebase ngaphandle kokuchaphazela yonke impilo yesicelo seselula. Ukwengeza, ababhekisi phambili banokucoca iileya zekhowudi ezikhethiweyo, ngaloo ndlela iphucula umgangatho wekhowudi iyonke kunye namava omsebenzisi ngaphandle kokuchaphazela umjikelo wophuhliso we-app yeselula. Uninzi lwabaphuhlisi baqhelene nomjikelo wobomi bophuhliso lwe-Android, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuhlaziya i-Android kuya kulungelelanisa inkqubo yokufaka izicelo zelifa kwizixhobo eziphathwayo.

Ukuhlaziya kwakhona kunokuba luqilima kwiiapps ezikwimveliso, kodwa ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kubaphuhlisi. Khupha uguqulelo lwakho olutsha kwiqela elincinci labasebenzisi ukuvavanya ukuziphatha nokusebenza kwalo. Kukwabalulekile ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwe-app ehlaziyiweyo kunye nepesenti yokuhambisa phambi kokuba uye esidlangalaleni. Ngelixa kukho iingenelo zezixhobo zokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona kwi-Android, kufuneka uhlale ukhumbula ukuba kungcono ukunqanda ukubhala kwakhona ikhowudi ekhoyo ukuba akukho mfuneko ngokupheleleyo.

MIT App Inventor

I-MIT App Inventor yindawo edibeneyo yophuhliso (IDE) kwizicelo zewebhu. Inikwe kuqala nguGoogle, ngoku igcinwe yiMassachusetts Institute of Technology. I-IDE yenza kube lula kubaphuhlisi ukwenza izicelo zamaqonga ahlukeneyo. Isixhobo seMIT App Inventor siluncedo ngakumbi ekudaleni usetyenziso lwe-Android. Ibonisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo kunye namathala eencwadi, kuquka imo yenkqubo ebonakalayo ye-Android.

I-MIT App Inventor ikwalukhetho olukhulu lwabaqalayo kunye nootitshala abafundisa iikhowudi ezikolweni. Ukusebenziseka ngokulula kwenkqubo kuyenza ilungele ukuphuhlisa iiprototypes zesicelo esiphathwayo ngokukhawuleza. Abafundi banokudala kwaye bavavanye indalo yabo kwizixhobo zabo eziphathwayo, endaweni yokuba uthintelwe kwilebhu yekhompyuter. I-MIT ikhuphe izandiso ezininzi ukunceda abaphuhlisi bakhe ii-apps ezikhethekileyo zeselfowuni kunye nojongano kunye nezixhobo ze-IOT. Ukwengeza, ababhekisi phambili banokubhala amalungu esiko besebenzisa esi sixhobo.

I-MIT App Inventor sisixhobo esinokunceda abafundi baphuhlise ii-apps eziphathwayo. Inomsebenzi womzobo kunye neebhloko ezinengqiqo ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhe kwaye bavavanye ii -apps zabo ngexesha lokwenyani. Ngenguqulo yayo yasimahla, abafundi banokudibana nabanye abaphuhlisi abanengqondo efanayo kwaye babuze imibuzo. Uluntu lunika inkxaso kwaye luluncedo. Kodwa ukwenza uninzi lwale nkqubo, abafundi kufuneka babe noqhagamshelo olululo lwe-Intanethi.