Kotlin – Olona lwimi lweSibini ludumileyo lweNkqubo yeeNkqubo ze-Android

Ukuba ucinga ngokwakha i-app ye-Android, ke eyona ndawo ilungileyo yokuqalisa sisixhobo sophuhliso lwe-app. Uninzi lwabantu lusebenzisa i-Android Studio, kodwa kukho ezinye iinketho ngokunjalo. Ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba yeyiphi onokuyisebenzisa, cinga ngokuqhelana noKotlin, olululwimi olusemthethweni lwenkqubo yokusebenza ye-Android. Olu lwimi luyimithombo evulekileyo kwaye lusimahla, kwaye lulwimi lwesibini oludumileyo kwi-GitHub.

I-Kotlin lulwimi olusemthethweni lwenkqubo

Ukuba ungumqambi we-Android, mhlawumbi uye waqaphela ukuba iKotlin iya ithandwa kakhulu yonke imihla. Kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo, ibe lulwimi lwesibini olusemthethweni lwenkqubo yokusebenza ye-Android, ukodlula ukusetyenziswa kweJava. Ukongeza kuloo nto, UGoogle uqikelela ukuba ngaphezulu 50% yabaphuhlisi abaqeqeshiweyo be-Android bayayisebenzisa ngoku. Kwaye inkampani ithi ulwimi luyahambelana neJava, ukwenza kube lula ukusuka kwenye ukuya kwenye.

I-Kotlin ngumthombo ovulekileyo, Ulwimi lodweliso oluchwetheziweyo olusebenza kuMatshini weJava obonakalayo. Isenokudityaniswa kwiJavaScript. Yenziwe yinkampani esekwe eRussia iJetBrains, ekwaphuhliswe i-IntelliJ IDEA kwaye ineqela elikhulu lenkxaso ye-Android.

I-syntax yayo ilungelelanisiwe, ukwenza kube lula ukufunda. Xa kuthelekiswa neJava, I-Kotlin inemigca embalwa yebhoilerplate yekhowudi, iyenza ngokukhawuleza kubaphuhlisi ukubhala ikhowudi. Abaphuhlisi abaninzi abanamava bakhetha iKotlin ngaphezulu kweJava, njengoko kulula ukuphuhlisa ii-apps ze-Android usebenzisa i-Kotlin.

I-Android SDK ibonelela abaphuhlisi beJava kunye neC ++ ngendawo yophuhliso eqhelekileyo. I-SDK ibonelela ngesakhelo sokwakha ii-apps zomthonyama ze-Android, ngelixa i-NDK ibonelela ngokufikelela kumathala eencwadi emveli kwikhowudi yemveli. I-NDK ikuvumela ukuba wenze awakho amathala eencwadi.

I-Kotlin inikezela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo kubaphuhlisi be-Android, kuquka ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo, inkxaso yenkqubo esebenzayo, kunye a 40 ukuncitshiswa kwepesenti kwikhowudi yeJava. Ulwimi nalo 100% iyahambelana neJava, ngoko ababhekisi phambili banokongeza ngokulula iKotlin kwisiseko sabo sekhowudi esele ikhona. Ukongeza koku, abaphuhlisi banokudibanisa kwaye batshatise iKotlin kunye nekhowudi yeJava ngomzamo omncinci. Ngaphezu koko, Izichasiselo zeKotlin zivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba benze inkqubo yoguqulelo.

I-Kotlin ikhululekile kwaye ivulekile umthombo

Ukuba ujonge ulwimi lwenkqubo yezicelo ze-Android, I-Kotlin lukhetho oluhle kakhulu. Olu lwimi lukhululekileyo noluvulelekileyo luneenzuzo ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo kubaphuhlisi. Umzekelo, isusa iimpazamo zereferensi ezingenanto kwaye ibonelela ngeempawu zenkqubo esebenzayo njenge coroutines. Inokunciphisa inani lekhowudi yeJava malunga 40 ipesenti.

Ukongeza kwindalo yayo yasimahla kunye nevulekileyo, I-Kotlin nayo i-cross-platform. Iyakwazi ukuhlala kunye nekhowudi yeJava kwi-app ye-Android, okuthetha ukuba abaphuhlisi banokwabelana ngekhowudi kuwo wonke amaqonga. Isenokusetyenziswa ukwandisa i Java app ekhoyo. I-Kotlin inikezela ngeseti etyebileyo yeempawu ezingenayo iJava.

Iinkampani ezininzi ezinamagama amakhulu ngoku zisebenzisa i-Kotlin ukuphucula iinkqubo zabo zophuhliso. Pinterest, iapp edumileyo yokwabelana ngefoto, isandula ukusuka kwiJava ukuya eKotlin. Kwakhona kwaphucula isantya sokusetyenziswa kwayo kwaye kwaphucula ukuzinza kwayo ngokubanzi. Evernote, i-app yolawulo lomsebenzi kwi-intanethi, yenye inkampani eye yaxhamla kuphuhliso lwe-app ye-Kotlin.

Ngokungafaniyo neJava, Izicelo zeKotlin zidinga ikhowudi encinci kwaye kunokuba lula ukuyigcina. Ezi zibonelelo zenza iKotlin ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kuphuhliso lweapp yeselula. Ngoxa i-Kotlin isanda kungena kwimarike yophuhliso lwe-mobile ye-Android, iinkampani ezininzi ezisekiweyo sele zenze utshintsho.

I-Kotlin inikezela ngenkqubo ekhuselekileyo echaza iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba zifike ngexesha lokusebenza. Eli nqaku linceda abaphuhlisi bahlalutye ikhowudi ngephanyazo kwaye balungise naziphi na iimpazamo phambi kokuba i-app ifike kumthengi. I-Kotlin ibonelela ngokhuseleko olupheleleyo olungenanto, into ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwe-Android kuba i-Android isebenzisa i-null ukumela ukungabikho kwexabiso.

Ukuba ufuna ukufunda uphuhliso lwe-Android app, I-Kotlin lukhetho oluhle kakhulu. Olu lwimi lwenkqubo luyi-cross-platform kwaye lusebenza kwiJava Virtual Machine, ngoko iyahambelana zombini Android kunye iOS amaqonga. Kwakhona kulula ukuyisebenzisa kwabaqalayo. Ulwimi luxhaswa nguGoogle kwaye zininzi iikhosi zasimahla ezikhoyo ukukunceda ukuba uqalise.

I-Kotlin lulwimi lwesibini olusebenzayo kwi-GitHub

I-Kotlin lulwimi lwangoku oluchwetheziweyo lwenkqubo olusetyenziswa yi-over 60% yabaphuhlisi abaqeqeshiweyo be-Android. Inyusa imveliso kunye nokwaneliseka komphuhlisi, kwaye ineempawu ezinjengokungasebenzi, ethintela i-NullPointerExceptions. Ngaphaya koko, usetyenziso olubhalwe kwiKotlin lufunyenwe luyi 20% kuncinci ukutshayisa. I-Kotlin lukhetho olukhulu kubaphuhlisi be-Android, ngakumbi kuba i-Android Studio ibonelela ngenkxaso yodidi lokuqala kuyo. Iquka izixhobo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ukuguqula ikhowudi esekelwe kwiJava kwiKotlin.

I-Kotlin lolona lwimi ludumileyo kwi-GitHub

Ukuba uceba ukwenza ii-apps ze-Android, unokuba nomdla wokufunda iKotlin, olona lwimi ludumileyo kwiGitHub. I-Kotlin lulwimi lwenkqubo oluJoliswe kwiNjongo kunye noLudwe lweNkqubo. Ingachwethezwa ngokwestatically kwaye isetyenziswe ukwenza iJavaScript kunye neJava Virtual Machine. Ulwimi lwenziwe ngabakwaJetBrains, Inkampani ngasemva kwe-IntelliJ IDEA kunye ne-Android Studio. Inguqulelo yamva nje yeKotlin ikhutshwe kwinyanga ephelileyo, kwaye ibandakanya ukuphuculwa kwe-LLVM, inkxaso kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokusebenza, kunye nedatha ye-binar.

Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba kutheni i-Kotlin idume kakhulu kwi-GitHub yokwenziwa kwe-app ye-Android kukuba lulwimi lwenkqubo oluzinzileyo ekulula ukulufunda.. Isebenza kwiJava Virtual Machine kwaye inokudityaniswa kwiJavaScript-Quellcode. Abaphuhlisi abasele beqhelene neJava banokutshintshela ngokulula kwiKotlin.

I-Kotlin ixhasa i-plugin ye-Android Studio ye-Multiplatform Mobile. Ungayifaka lula le plugin kwiprojekthi yakho yeSitudiyo se-Android ngokucofa nje okumbalwa. Yakube ifakiwe, ungaqala ukuphuhlisa kunye nokuvavanya usetyenziso lwakho lweselula. Unokusebenzisa iplagin ukwenza usetyenziso lwemveli lwe-Android.

I-Kotlin/Native ibonelela ngokusebenzisana okubini-directional kunye namathala eencwadi e-Swift kunye neNjongo-C. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikhowudi yeKotlin ingafakwa kwikhowudi ye-Swift kunye neNjongo-C kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-@objc.

I-Kotlin lolona lwimi ludumileyo kwi-GitHub

Ukuba ujonge indlela ekhawulezayo nefanelekileyo yokwenza usetyenziso lwe-Android, I-Kotlin sisisombululo esifanelekileyo. Olu lwimi lutsha lulwimi lweprogram ye-Java-ehambelanayo ne-backend eyaziswa kuyo 2011. Nangona ingekho 'njengokutyibilika’ njengeJava, iselulwimi olulungele kakhulu ukufunda. I-syntax yayo yepragnant kunye nokulula kokugcinwa kuyenza ibe lukhetho oludumileyo kubaphuhlisi.

Esinye sezizathu zokuba uKotlin azuze udumo njengolwimi olukhethwayo ekuphuhliseni ii-apps ze-Android kukuba ivunywe nguGoogle.. Ukongeza, olu lwimi lunelona galelo likhula ngokukhawuleza kwi-GitHub. Oku kungenxa yokuba uGoogle uyenzile 'ulwimi lodidi lokuqala’ kunyaka ophelile.

Abaphuhlisi kufuneka bahlale benolwazi ngetekhnoloji entsha kwaye baqhelane nezinye iimeko. IJavaScript kunye neReactJS zitekhnoloji ezimbini ezidumileyo, kodwa iinkokeli ezininzi zesebe ziye zafudukela kwiReactJS. Nangona kunjalo, kunokuba nzima ukuchonga amathala eencwadi eReact.

I-Python ilula kakhulu ukufunda kunye neprogram kuyo. Isivakalisi sayo sithi prazise, kwaye iza namathala eencwadi abanzi ekhowudi kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Enye into entle ngePython kukuba isimahla kwaye ivuleleke ngumthombo. Inokusetyenziswa nakwiiprojekthi eziphathekayo, njengeRaspberry Pi.

Izixhobo ze-Android-Entwicklung ngaphandle kwe-Android Studio ziyafumaneka. Izixhobo ze-Android-Ingenieur ziyimithombo evulekileyo kwaye isimahla. Ezinye zezi zixhobo azithandwa kangako, kodwa ise-open-source kwaye isimahla. Kukwakho ne-BASIC, olululwimi olulungele abantu abafundayo, ngoko ke kungcono ukuba uqale ngayo ukuba ufuna umbono ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, ukwenza usetyenziso oluphambili lwe-Android, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-Application Builder, eza nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kunye nezinto zemveli.

Abaphuhlisi be-iOS banokusebenzisa i-Swift. Ngelixa amathala eencwadi eCocoa Touch asafana nalawo aku-Objective-C, I-Swift inikezela ngonxibelelwano lwexesha lokwenyani kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu zokulungisa iimpazamo. Ulwimi ngumthombo ovulekileyo, into ethetha ukuba uluntu luyixhasa kakhulu.