Loluphi ulwimi lweNkqubo onokuthi ulusebenzise kuPhuhliso lweApp ye-Android?

Ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba loluphi ulwimi lwenkqubo oza kulusebenzisa kuphuhliso lwe-Android, ungafuna ukufunda eli nqaku. Kuya kukunceda uqonde oko Kotlin, Ukhawuleza, Injongo-C, kunye neJava kunye nendlela yokuzisebenzisa ukwakha i-app enkulu. Emva koko, unokukhetha eyona ilungileyo kwiprojekthi yakho. Emveni kwakho konke, ukuba iapp yakho ineempawu ezininzi, uya kufuna ukuqiniseka ukuba kulula ukuyisebenzisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Kotlin

Ukuba uphuhlisa i-app ye-Android, ungafuna ukuqwalasela ukufunda iKotlin. Olu lwimi lutsha lwenkqubo luxhasa iJava Virtual Machine (JVM), iyenza ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kuphuhliso lwe-Android. Ngaphandle kokuthandwa kolwimi olutsha, IJava iselukhetho oluphezulu kuphuhliso lweapp ye-Android. Ngethamsanqa, ulwimi luneenzuzo ezininzi ngaphezu kweJava. Funda ukuze ufumanise ukuba kutheni iKotlin ilolona khetho lungcono kuphuhliso lwe-Android.

Xa udala into eKotlin, ungavakalisa amalungu ayo ngokuthe ngqo. Unokwenza izinto ngokubhabha usebenzisa amabinzana. Ezi zakhiwo zinokufikelelwa ngeendlela. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba yinto, akunyanzelekanga ukuba usongele nganye kwizibiyeli. Ukuba uyakha isicelo esinzima, unokudibanisa iiklasi ezininzi kwiklasi enye. I-Kotlin ikwaxhasa ilifa.

Ukuba udala iklasi, Ungasebenzisa iiklasi zedatha ezichazwe kwangaphambili kwiKotlin. Ezi klasi azibonakalisi kangako kuneeklasi ezizinikeleyo. Ekuqaleni, kufuneka uchaze iinum zakho. Bahlule ngesemicolon. Emva koko, ungachaza iindlela ofuna ukuzisebenzisa. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona ukuphunyezwa okungagqibekanga kwiipropati. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ungasebenzisa ipropathi yokufunda kuphela ngokuyibiza ngokusisigxina kunye neyokugqibela.

Java

IJava lulwimi lwenkqubo olusetyenziswayo ngokubanzi. Iphuhliswe yi-Sun Microsystems kwaye ngoku iphantsi kwe-Oracle, ixhasa iintlobo zedatha yakudala kunye nejolise kwinto. I-syntax yayo iyafana ne-C/C++ kodwa iyahluka kuba ayiboneleli ngokusebenza kwenkqubo yenqanaba elisezantsi.. Kunoko, Ikhowudi yeJava ihlala ibhaliwe ngendlela yeeklasi okanye izinto. IJava lulwimi lwenkqubo oludumileyo kuphuhliso lwe-Android kwaye kulula ukulufunda nakwabo banemvelaphi yenkqubo yemveli.

Ngelixa iJava ingasetyenziselwa uphuhliso lweeapps ze-Android, kukho iimfuno ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka kuhlangatyezwane nazo ngaphambi kokuba uqalise. I-Android SDK kunye ne-Android Studio zizixhobo ezibini oza kuzidinga ukuze uqalise. Ezi zixhobo zikuvumela ukuba wenze usetyenziso lwe-Android kwaye usebenzise ulwimi lwenkqubo yeJava ukuzibhala. Ezi zixhobo zimbini zibalulekile kuphuhliso oluyimpumelelo. Ukuba nezixhobo ezichanekileyo zesoftware kunye nezixhobo nako kubalulekile kwiprojekthi eyimpumelelo. Ukusebenzisa iJava kuya kukunceda uqalise kuphuhliso losetyenziso lwe-Android ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo.

Esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo sokukhetha iJava yinto yokuba ixhomekeke kwiqonga. Yenye yeelwimi ezimbalwa zophuhliso ezinokusetyenziswa kwizixhobo eziphathwayo. Abaphuhlisi banokufikelela kwidatha ebalulekileyo kunye nolwazi usebenzisa iJava. Lukhetho olukhulu kubaphuhlisi abafuna ukuphuhlisa izicelo zamaqonga amaninzi. Usetyenziso oluphumayo luya kusebenza kakhulu, isebenziseka kakuhle, kwaye isebenza kakhulu. Ukuba ujonge iqonga lophuhliso losetyenziso lweselula, kufuneka ujonge umphuhlisi oqonda iJava. Ukuba awufuni, uya kuba nengxaki yokubhala eqongeni.

Injongo-C

Ngaphandle kweJava, I-Android ikwaxhasa nezinye iilwimi ezimbini ezidumileyo zokucwangcisa: Injongo-C kunye ne-Swift. Injongo-C isetyenziswa kakhulu ekudaleni usetyenziso lwe-iPhone, ngelixa i-Swift ifikeleleka ngakumbi kwabo bangengabo abaprogram. Nangona kunjalo, I-Swift iyakhawuleza kwaye kulula ukuyifunda kune-Objective-C. Ngoko, yeyiphi engcono? Makhe sixoxe ngeelwimi zombini kunye nendlela yokuthatha isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi eyona ilungileyo kwiprojekthi yakho. Ngokuka-Swift, kulula ukufunda, ngelixa iNjongo-C inamandla ngakumbi.

IJava yayilulwimi olukhethwayo kuphuhliso lwe-Android de kube 2008, xa iqonga le-Android lasungulwa. Yaphuhliswa yi-Sun Microsystems, ngoku ephantsi kwe-Oracle. Lulwimi olunamandla oludumileyo phakathi kwabaphuhlisi. Nangona kunjalo, Ii -apps ezisekwe kwiJava zinzima kwaye kunzima ukuzigcina kunezinye ezibhalwe ngezinye iilwimi. Nje ngeziphumo, Abaphuhlisi beJava banokufuna ukuqwalasela ukusebenzisa iNjongo-C yophuhliso losetyenziso lwe-Android.

Nje ngeziphumo, ulwimi luthanda ukuba sisenzi kwaye kube nzima ukulungisa ingxaki. Ngaphaya koko, ijiko lokufunda leJava lingumnqantsa. Kungenxa yoko le nto uninzi lwabaphuhlisi befudukela kwi-Swift, ulwimi lwemvelaphi evulekileyo olusebenza kuMatshini weJava obonakalayo. I-Swift lolona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-iOS, kodwa iyahambelana nophuhliso lwe-Android. Inyaniso, Umqokeleli we-LLVM oxhaswa ngu-Swift ludibaniso oluqinisekileyo xa kuziwa kuphuhliso lwe-Android.

Ukhawuleza

Ukuba ucinga ngokuphuhlisa i-app ye-Android, Kuya kufuneka uqwalasele ukusebenzisa i-Swift njengolwimi lwenkqubo. I-syntax yayo iyafana naleyo yeC/C ++, ukuze ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa ukuphuhlisa i-app yakho ngaphandle kobunzima. Ikwaxhasa i-Autolayout, into eyenza ukuphuhlisa i-UIs lula kuwo omabini amaqonga. Ngaphezu koko, ixhasa iinkqubo zomntu wesithathu, njenge C ++, SQLite, kunye neCryptoSwift. Olu lwimi lutsha luvula imarike entsha ngokupheleleyo kubaphuhlisi kwaye luvumela abaphuhlisi be-iOS ukuba bangene kwimarike ye-Android.

Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-Swift, Ii-apps ze-iOS zabhalwa kwiNjongo-C, eyayilulwimi lwenkqubo yobunikazi. Nangona kunjalo, olu lwimi lutsha lokuprograma luzibonakalise njengolwimi lweprogram oluluncedo nolukhuselekileyo. Ngenxa yokuqina kwayo, uzinzo, kunye nesintaksi esilungelelanisiweyo, ibe lulwimi olukhethwayo ekudaleni usetyenziso lwe-Android. Ukongeza ekubeni ngumthombo ovulekileyo, I-Swift ikwafumana amandla phakathi kwabaphuhlisi kunye neenjineli zesoftware. Ezi ziindaba ezimnandi kubo bonke abaphuhlisi abafuna ukwenza usetyenziso olusemgangathweni kwaye ugcine abasebenzisi bakho banelisekile.

Ukufunda ukwenza inkqubo kwi-Swift ye-Android kuya kwandisa amathuba akho okuphumelela ngosetyenziso lwakho. Nangona ixabiso eliphezulu, inkqubo yomthonyama iseyinkosi yophuhliso losetyenziso. Ngelixa ifuna ulwazi oluninzi kunye nobuchule, iyathandwa phakathi kwabadwelisi benkqubo abanamava abafuna ukwakha usetyenziso olulungiselelweyo kakhulu. Ngaphaya koko, uya kuba nenkululeko yokwenza usetyenziso lwakho, kuquka ujongano olulodwa, imizobo, kunye nezandi. Kunganzima ukufunda iilwimi ezintsha zokucwangcisa, kodwa ilufanele utyalo-mali.

Refactoring

Xa ukhowuda iapp yakho yeselula, ukubuyisela kwakhona linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba ikhowudi yakho icwangciswe kakuhle kwaye iyafundeka. Ngesiqhelo, i-refactoring yenziwa njengenxalenye yohlaziyo lwesoftware, kodwa kwezinye iimeko, inokwenziwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Le ndlela, unokonga ixesha kunye nemali ekuhambeni kwexesha ngokuphepha ukuphindaphinda okungeyomfuneko kunye nokuphindaphinda. Ngelixa abasebenzisi bokugqibela abanakuze bayibone le nto, abaphuhlisi banokonga imali ngokuphepha amatyala obugcisa kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuhlaziya usetyenziso lwakho yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokuphucula umgangatho wekhowudi yesicelo sakho ngelixa ucutha ubungakanani bomsebenzi wekhowudi. Ngokuhlengahlengisa ikhowudi yakho ekhoyo, unokuphucula ukufundeka kwayo, ukuphatheka, kunye nokusebenza ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza okucetywayo kwe-app. Ukuhlaziya kwakhona kwenza ikhowudi igcinwe lula. Iimodyuli ze-app ozenzayo zingaphinda zisetyenziswe kwezinye iinkqubo, ngaloo ndlela bandisa izakhono zabo. Kukho iingqwalasela ezibalulekileyo xa uhlenga-hlengisa isicelo.

Ukusebenzisa i-Android Studio kulula kwaye kulula. Cofa nje ekunene kwibhloko yekhowudi kwaye ukhethe into yeRefactor kwimenyu yomxholo. Le festile ye popup ineendlela ezininzi zokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona. Eyona nto iluncedo ngukuthi Qamba kwakhona…, ongayifumana kwimenu yentsingiselo. Ngokusebenzisa olu khetho, ungatshintsha ngokukhawuleza igama leenguqu okanye utshintshe uyilo lomnqongo wonke. Emva koko, ungakhetha igama elitsha lekhowudi yebhlokhi.

Ii-Apps zomthonyama

Ii-Apps zomthonyama zi-apps eziphuhliswe kwiinkqubo ezithile zokusebenza eziphathwayo, ezifana iOS kunye Android. Usetyenziso luyafikeleleka kwiivenkile ezizinikeleyo zeapp. Izixhobo kunye namaqonga asetyenziselwa ukwenza ezi apps zithe ngqo kwiqonga, njengeNjongo-C, Ukhawuleza, Java, Kotlin, kunye nokuninzi. Olu hlobo lophuhliso lubandakanya iseti ethile yezakhono, kwaye inokuba ngumzamo oneendleko ezinkulu. Ngelixa abaphuhlisi abaninzi besebenza kwisiseko sekhowudi enye, banako kwakhona ukwakha zombini iOS kunye Android apps.

Omnye umzekelo we-AR mobile app ngumdlalo odumileyo wePokemon Go. Esi sicelo sisebenzisa iindawo zehlabathi zokwenyani ukuguqula okusingqongileyo kwilizwe lomdlalo wenyani. Umdlali ngokusisiseko ngumlawuli. I-app iyafumaneka kuzo zombini iGoogle Play Store kunye neApple App Store. Ii-Apps zomthonyama zikhuseleke ngakumbi kuneapps zewebhu kuba zisebenzisa inkqubo eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi iimpawu ukwenza usetyenziso lwakho lube lula kwaye lube lula kangangoko kunokwenzeka..

Xa kuqwalaselwa uphuhliso losetyenziso lwemveli, iinkampani kufuneka zilinganisele iinketho zazo. Nokuba ngaba usebenzisa i-app esele ikhona okanye wenze eyeko, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Eyokuqala yinkimbinkimbi ye-app. Ii-apps zomthonyama zinokuba nzima, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukwakha. Mininzi imigibe kunye neenuances ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Umthuthukisi olungileyo unokuncedisa ukulungelelanisa inkqubo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuqiniseka ukuba wenza isigqibo esifanelekileyo kwishishini lakho.

Ibhokisi yesanti

Uguqulelo lwamva nje lwe-Android, i 13 i-beta, izisa uphuculo kwi-SDK kunye nebhokisi yesanti kuphuhliso lwe-Android app. Ibhokisi yesanti yohlula iilayibrari zomntu wesithathu kwikhowudi ye-app, ukunika abaphuhlisi ulawulo olukhulu phezu kwamathala eencwadi. Ii-SDK zifumana iifowuni ezivela kwikhowudi kwinkqubo ye-app. Ikhowudi inxibelelana nojongano lwe-SDK, eziwela umda wenkqubo. Android 13 yazisa kwakhona iBhokisi yeSanti yaBucala, inqaku leqonga le-Android elilingana ne-Apple's App Tracking Transparency.

Ibhokisi yesanti ivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba bahlukanise idatha yomntu. Usetyenziso lwesibane, umzekelo, inokucela iimvume ezingeyomfuneko kunye nemisebenzi. Ngokusebenzisa ibhokisi yesanti yeShelter, I-apps yesibane inokufikelela kuphela kwidatha yezinye ii-apps kwibhokisi yesanti. Nangona kunjalo, ii-apps ezihlanganisiweyo azikwazi ukulawula iimvume kwaye zinokungasebenzi kakuhle kubasebenzisi abakhathalele ubumfihlo babo. Ukunqanda oku, abasebenzisi banokuzahlula usetyenziso oluthembekileyo kwezinye ii-apps ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwibhokisi yesanti.

Ukusebenzisa ibhokisi yesanti yophuhliso lwe-Android app ikhusela ubumfihlo bomsebenzisi. Usetyenziso lwe-Android lusebenza ngaphakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ukubathintela ekufikeleleni kwidatha ebuthathaka. Oku kukhusela umsebenzisi kwi-malware kunye nesoftware enobungozi. Ngelixa inkqubo yokusebenza ye-iOS ayisebenzisi igama “ibhokisi yesanti” yebhokisi yesanti, iinkqubo ziyafana. Umahluko kuphela kukuba iApple ayisebenzisi ibhokisi yesanti kwisigama sophuhliso lwe-app ye-android.