Phezulu 5 Izilimi Zokuhlela Nezinhlaka Zokuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lokusebenza lwe-Android

Uma uhlela ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android, kunezinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzazi ngaphambi kokuqala. Okokuqala, I-Android iyimakethe ehlukene kakhulu. Amadivayisi ahlukene asebenzisa izinguqulo ezihlukile ze-Android, futhi ukuthuthukisa amadivayisi engeziwe kusho ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe, izindleko, kanye nokuhlola. Okwesibili, kubalulekile ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lusekele ububanzi bezinzwa nezinsiza ze-UI.

Java

I-Java iwulimi lokuhlela oludumile futhi iyisinqumo esihle sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android. Ulimi luyaguquguquka, scalable, futhi andise. Futhi iza nomtapo wolwazi ocebile wamaphethini edizayini azenzakalelayo nezindlela ezihamba phambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-Java ingumthombo ovulekile, okusho ukuthi onjiniyela bangakha amaphrojekthi ajwayelekile futhi basebenzise ikhodi kabusha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android bangasebenzisa i-Java ukuze benze uhlelo lokusebenza olwakhelwe ngokukhethekile izidingo zabo.

Ku-Java, kubalulekile ukuqapha lapho usebenza nezinto. Izinto zingabamba amanani angempela noma angenalutho, ngakho kufanele uqaphe ngenkathi usebenzisana nazo. Onjiniyela abaningi baxazulula le nkinga ngokwengeza izichasiselo ezifanele noma ngokusebenzisa Izinketho. Ngisho nalezi zindlela, nokho, amaphutha azogcina enzeka. Ngenhlanhla, kunezinsiza ezimbalwa ezingakusiza ukuthi ufunde i-Java yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android.

Okokuqala, udinga indawo yentuthuko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa i-Android Studio kanye ne-Android SDK. Lawa ngamathuluzi amahhala futhi omthombo ovulekile angakusiza ukuthi uthuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android. Qiniseka ukuthi unezinguqulo zakamuva zalawa maphakheji esofthiwe afakwe ku-PC yakho. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi udale uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenzayo ngokushesha. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ukunquma igama lalo. Qiniseka ukuthi unikeza uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza igama lephakheji, okuzoba inkomba yangaphakathi ye-Android. Igama kufanele lakhiwe isizinda sezinga eliphezulu (isb..com) kanye negama lohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Uma ungenayo isizinda, ungasebenzisa nje “com” njengegama lenkampani noma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Ngemva kokukhetha igama, udinga ukukhetha indawo lapho uzogcina khona amafayela, nokuthi yiluphi ulimi lokubhala ngekhodi okufanele lusetshenziswe.

I-Java iyisinqumo esihle kakhulu sokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ulimi lunikeza zonke izici ezidingekayo ezidingwa uhlelo lokusebenza. Ngaphezu kokuba ulimi lokuhlela oluqinile noluguquguqukayo, I-Java inezinzuzo eziningi kunezinye izilimi.

I-Python

Onjiniyela abaningi baphendukela kuPython yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ngenxa yokusebenziseka kalula kwayo nesivinini. I-Python ine-syntax enhle kakhulu, okusho ukuthi ungakha izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi. Lolu limi luphinde luhambisane nezinkundla eziningi futhi lunezinga eliphezulu lokusebenziseka kabusha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungakwazi ukwakha futhi usebenzise kabusha ikhodi osuvele uyibhalile kolunye uhlelo lokusebenza.

Ububi obunye bokusebenzisa iPython ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ukuthi ayiveli ku-Android noma ku-iOS., okungase kubangele ukungqubuzana okuthile kuzinguqulo ezihlukile zohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Nokho, unganciphisa lezi zinkinga ngokusebenzisana nethimba labathuthukisi be-Python nabo abajwayele ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula.

Ngenkathi iPython ingelona ulimi lwendabuko lwe-Android, ingasetshenziswa ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza kusetshenziswa isixhumi esibonakalayo esisekelwe ku-Android se-XML. I-PyQtdeploy, Ngokwesibonelo, ikusiza ukuthi ubhale izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ngokukhiqiza ifayela le-Qt.pro kanye nengxenyekazi ethile yokwenza ifayela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona i-plugin ebizwa nge-Chaquopy ekuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise ikhodi yePython ne-Java kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Umphakathi wePython uyasebenza impela futhi uhlinzeka ngenani elikhulu lemibhalo, abaqondisi, kanye nezifundo. I-Kivy iwumthombo ovulekile welabhulali yePython esekela ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ibuye ihambisane ne-iOS, OS X, kanye ne-Linux. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthinta eziningi, okuyinhlanganisela enkulu konjiniyela abaningi.

I-BeeWare ikuvumela ukuthi wenze ngokwezifiso isikhombimsebenzisi nokuziphatha kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lweselula lwePython. Iwumthombo ovulekile futhi inelayisensi ye-BSD, okusho ukuthi itholakala kuwo wonke umuntu. Ithimba le-BeeWare limatasatasa ekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, umphakathi ohlukahlukene.

I-Android NDK

Uma usebenzisa i-Android Studio, kungenzeka ukuthi ulande futhi ufake inguqulo yakamuva ye-Android NDK. Le nguqulo ngokuvamile ilungele amaphrojekthi amaningi. Nokho, kunezikhathi lapho uzodinga ukusebenzisa inguqulo ehlukile. Ngenhlanhla, ungalungiselela i-Android Studio ukuthi isebenzise izinguqulo ezithile ze-NDK zephrojekthi yakho. Lezi zinguqulo ze-NDK zizogcinwa ku-android-sdk/ndk/directory.

I-Android NDK ivumela onjiniyela ukuthi basebenzise amandla omdabu okucubungula futhi bathuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza ukuze zisebenze. Lokhu kusho ukuthi onjiniyela bangaphinda basebenzise futhi bakhe amalabhulali nezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lusebenzisa imifanekiso, ungasebenzisa i-API yezithombe zomdabu. Futhi ikuvumela ukuthi wakhe imitapo yolwazi engashintshi kanye nemitapo yolwazi ehlanganyelwe.

Uma usebenza ne-Android NDK, ungakha iphrojekthi entsha, hlanganisa ekhona, noma uvule ekhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-NDK inamasampula kanye nemibhalo, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zesampula. Ungahlola izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza ocingweni lwangempela noma i-emulator.

I-Android NDK ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise izilimi zekhodi yomdabu ezifana ne-C++. Lokhu kuyasiza ekuqaliseni ukusebenza kwe-computationally olunzulu, ukulungisa kahle ukusebenza kwedivayisi, kanye nokuhlanganisa amalabhulali akhona ezinhlelweni zokusebenza. Nokho, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi azidingi lolu hlobo lokubhala ngekhodi. Kodwa uma uthuthukisa igeyimu esebenza kahle kakhulu noma uhlelo lokusebenza oluyinkimbinkimbi, kufanelekile ukutshala imali ku-NDK.

Uma kukhulunywa ngekhodi ye-Java, I-Android inikeza umshini obonakalayo we-Dalvik (VM), okungumhumushi osuselwa ku-Java. Le VM ilungiselelwe ikakhulukazi amasistimu anezinsiza ezilinganiselwe zehadiwe.

Kotlin

Uma ubheke ukufunda izisekelo ze-Kotlin zokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, ufikile endaweni efanele. Le ncwadi ka-Peter Sommerhoff ikuhambisa kunqubo yokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbili ze-Android usebenzisa ulimi. Kubandakanya ukufakwa kuhlu kwekhodi okuphelele okuzoba usizo ngendlela emangalisayo njengoba ufunda ulimi.

Le ncwadi inikeza isingeniso esiphelele ku-Kotlin, kanye nesethi enkulu yohlu lwamakhodi. Iphinde ikuhambise ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbili ze-Android, futhi ihlanganisa izibonelo eziningi zokukusiza ufunde ulimi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda izinto eziyisisekelo noma udinga ukuvuselela okusheshayo, I-Kotlin izokusiza ukuthi uthuthukise izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza ngokushesha nangempumelelo.

Ngaphambi kokubhekana ne-Kotlin yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ulimi lunomphetho wokufunda. Kubalulekile ukuzinika isikhathi sokujwayelana nolimi olusha, futhi ucabangele ukuthi ukushintsha kuzothinta kanjani ukwakheka kwephrojekthi yakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi i-architecture yeselula oyisebenzisayo iyanwebeka futhi iyahambisana ne-Kotlin.

IsiKotlin siwulimi lomthombo ovulekile, okusho ukuthi ungathola kalula izibonelo zekhodi. Ikhodi iphinde igcinwe ku-GitHub yiqembu le-JetBrains. Lokhu kwenza kube lula konjiniyela ukuthi babelane ngezinto abazidalile nomphakathi. Kumahhala! I-Kotlin isiphenduke inketho edumile yonjiniyela emhlabeni wonke, futhi isetshenziswe izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu kanye nemikhiqizo esunguliwe.

Enye inzuzo ye-Kotlin ukuthi i-cross-platform. Ngoba iyahambisana ne-Java, Ikhodi ye-Kotlin ingahlanganiselwa amapulatifomu amaningi. Lokhu kuyinzuzo konjiniyela abaningi beselula abadinga ukudala izinguqulo eziningi zezinhlelo zabo zokusebenza. Iphinde ibe nesethi eqinile yamalabhulali nezinhlaka zokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Nokho, I-Kotlin inendlela ende okufanele iyihambe mayelana nokuhambisana nemitapo yolwazi emisha.

Sabela uMdabu

I-React Native iwuhlaka lokuthuthukisa iselula olukuvumela ukuthi udale futhi usabalalise uhlelo lokusebenza kuzithameli eziningi nge-codebase eyodwa kuphela.. Yakhiwe ngokugxila kulwazi lwasekhaya, ukuze uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lugcine ukubukeka kwalo komdabu nomuzwa. Izigidi zezinkampani, iziqalo, neziqhwaga zobuchwepheshe zisebenzisa i-React Native ukunika amandla izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza.

Ukusebenzisa i-React Native kuzosheshisa inqubo yokuthuthukisa, kodwa ingase ingafaneleki kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, ungase udinge ukuqasha umthuthukisi wohlelo lokusebenza lweselula ukuze akusize uqalise uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ezisekelweni ezihlukahlukene. Bazoba nolwazi oluthe xaxa ngezitolo zohlelo lokusebenza kanye nemibhalo edingekayo ukuze kwethulwe ngempumelelo. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ungagwema ukuqasha unjiniyela osebenza endaweni eyodwa kuphela – kungase kudle isikhathi esiningi ukufunda ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene nokusebenza namaqembu ahlukene.

Uma uthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza ku-Android, udinga ukucabangela umehluko phakathi kwezinguqulo ze-Android kanye ne-React Native. Ngokwesibonelo, Android 9 abasebenzisi bangasebenzisa i-Android Studio ukuze benze isithonjana ngokwezifiso. Ku-Android Studio, ungangenisa isithonjana esikhulu bese ubhala phezu kwesithonjana esizenzakalelayo sohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Uma ushicilela uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, qiniseka ukuthi ulayisha uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ku-Google Play Isitolo.

Enye inzuzo ye-React Native yikhono layo lokuwela inkundla. Ngale ndlela, ungagcina uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lusebenza ngenkathi wenza izinguquko ku-UI nekhodi. Lokhu kunenzuzo ngoba konga isikhathi sonjiniyela futhi kunciphisa isikhathi esichithwa ekuthuthukiseni kabusha uhlelo lokusebenza.. Ngaphandle kwalokho, I-React Native iphinde inikeze ithuba lokushumeka ikhodi yomdabu.