Funda i-Android Programming

Ukuhlelwa kwe-Android akulona ikhono elilula ukulifunda. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezilimi ezahlukene ongakhetha kuzo, njenge-Java, Inhloso-C, I-Swift, kanye noKotlin. Okubalulekile ukuthi uqalise futhi wakhe amakhono akho kancane kancane. Ukuthola usizo nokufaka kwabanye kubalulekile. Kunezinsiza ezimbalwa ezitholakalayo zokukusiza ukuthi uqalise.

Java

Ukuthuthukisa Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ngokuvamile kusho ukufunda indlela yokubhala ikhodi ku-Java. Ungafunda ukwenza ikhodi nge-Android-Studio. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, ungabheka futhi i-Android-Kurse, njengalezo ezinikezwa uMichael Wilhelm. Lesi sifundo sizokusiza ukuthi ujwayelane nama-syntaxes nezilimi ezahlukene, kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene we-Android.

Abathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android bavame ukusebenzisa i-Java ngoba kulula ukuyifunda futhi inezici eziningi ezibalulekile eziyenza ibe ulimi oluhle kakhulu lokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android.. Lokhu kufaka ukuzimela kwenkundla, ukuqondiswa kwento, nokuvikeleka. I-Java futhi inezinhlobonhlobo zemitapo yolwazi nezinye izici, okwenza kube lula ukudala nokugcina izinhlelo zokusebenza kunezinye izilimi zokuhlela.

I-Android isekela izinhlobo ezimbili zezintambo: Ikhodi yomdabu nephethwe. Ikhodi yomdabu ibhalwa nge-Java noma ku-Kotlin futhi ihlanganiswa ibe yi-bytecode ngendlela efanayo ne-Java. Ngaphezu kwe-Java, I-Android iphinde isekele i-Kotlin. I-Kotlin iwulimi lokuhlela olusebenzisa ulimi lwe-Java futhi luhlanganisela i-bytecode ngendlela efanayo ne-Java.

Esinye isici esibalulekile ku-Kotlin uhlobo lwe-inference. Ivumela umhlanganisi ukuthi athole ngokuzenzakalelayo uhlobo lokuguquguquka kusiqalisi sakhona, ukunciphisa isidingo sokuhlola mathupha. I-Kotlin futhi ine-plugin ye-compiler ekusiza ukucubungula izichasiselo kalula.

Inhloso-C

I-Objective-C iwulimi oluyinhloko lokuhlela lwe-iOS ne-OS X. Iyi-superset ka-C futhi ihlinzeka ngamakhono agxile entweni kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza esiguqukayo. Izuza njengefa izinhlobo zakudala zolimi C kodwa futhi yengeza i-syntax yencazelo yekilasi kanye nosekelo lwezinga lolimi lokuphathwa kwegrafu yento.. Futhi inokuthayipha okunamandla futhi ihlehlisa izibopho eziningi esikhathini sokusebenza.

I-Objective-C yasungulwa ngabakwa-Stepstone ngeminyaka yawo-1980 futhi bekuwulimi lohlelo lwe-iOS ne-macOS iminyaka eminingi.. Iphrojekthi ye-mulle-objc iwukuqaliswa kabusha kolimi olusekela abahlanganisi be-GCC kanye ne-Clang/LLVM. Iphinde isekele iWindows, I-Linux, kanye ne-FreeBSD.

Ulimi lusekela ukuthayipha okunamandla, ikuvumela ukuthi uguqule usayizi wekilasi lakho futhi uqhubeke ulondoloze ukuhambisana kanambambili. Iphinde isekele izibonelo eziguquguqukayo ezihlanganiswa ngesikhathi sokusebenza futhi zimenyezelwe kusixhumi esibonakalayo sekilasi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ine-syntax yokubala esheshayo esebenza ngokulingana nezinto ze-NSEnumerator.

Ngenkathi i-Objective-C inezinzuzo eziningi kune-Swift, akusona inketho engcono kakhulu yawo wonke umklami. Ulimi alusebenziseki kalula, futhi kunzima ukuyisusa uma ungazi ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ngendlela efanele. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi alinamandla njengolimi i-Swift, kodwa kulula kakhulu futhi kuyavumelana nezimo.

I-Swift

Ukuhlela izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android kungaba nzima uma ungazi ukuthi ubhala kanjani ikhodi ku-Swift. Ulimi olusha lusekelwe olimini lwe-LLVM, okuyi-open source compiler. Ikhiqiza ikhodi yokuhlanganisa yama-ARM processors futhi iguqule lokho kube ikhodi yomshini. I-NDK yomdabu ye-Android ikhiqiza ukuxhumanisa kanambambili kulelo fayela lezinto ezikhiqiziwe, ebese ihlanganiswa kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android.

I-Swift iwulimi lokuhlela lwe-multi-paradigm olungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ne-iOS. Iphephe kakhulu kune-Objective-C futhi inezici eziningi. Kulula futhi ukufunda. Ukwesekwa kwayo kwezinhlaka ze-cocoa, okuhlanganisa ucocoa Touch, siza onjiniyela bahlole kuqala isofthiwe yabo ngaphambi kokuyikhulula. Iphinde isebenzisa isikhathi sokusebenza se-Objective-C kanye nohlaka lokuhlanganisa lwe-LLVM.

Inkinga yemitapo yolwazi ye-cross-platform iyaziwa kakhulu, futhi ayiqondile ku-Android. Ngokwesibonelo, imboni yegeyimu yevidiyo ibilokhu isebenzisa imitapo yolwazi yezingxenyekazi eziningi amashumi eminyaka. Imitapo yolwazi emikhulu yi-OpenGL, I-SDL, kanye ne-OpenAL. Kukhona nemitapo yolwazi yamafonti, umsindo, nokucutshungulwa kwesithombe. Okokuxhumana, inkundla isebenzisa i-cURL. Omunye umtapo wolwazi obalulekile yiChipmunk, ehlinzeka ngenjini yefiziksi yePureC.

I-XML

I-XML iwulimi lwemakhaphu olungasetshenziswa ukuchaza isakhiwo nokwengeza umongo kudatha. Isetshenziswe kabanzi embonini yokushicilela amashumi eminyaka futhi ingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-Android. Nasi isingeniso se-XML sohlelo lwe-Android. Kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokudala umuzwa ocebile womsebenzisi wohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android.

Ku-Android Studio, uzothola amafayela e-XML ahlukahlukene anezinjongo ezihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, uzoba ne-ViewGroup, I-LinearLayout, kanye ne-RelativeLayout, equkethe Ukubuka nawo wonke amawijethi ayo engane. Uzoqaphela futhi ukuthi i-ViewGroup ibekwe ngaphansi kokuthi Buka, futhi Ukubuka kuqukethe Ukubuka. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zamafayela zizokwakha isikrini kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android.

I-XML iwulimi lwemakhaphu olungasindi olugcina idatha esetshenziswa kuhlelo lokusebenza. Kucabange njengespredishithi: igcina lonke ulwazi nesakhiwo samakholomu nezinkambu. Iphinde ibambe noma yiziphi izibalo ezenziwayo. I-XML iphinde isetshenziselwe ukuchaza izakhiwo, imibala, izitayela, nobukhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-Android. I-XML iwulimi olulula ukulufunda nokusebenzisa luhlanganiswe nolimi lokuhlela.

Bhalisela isifundo se-Android App Programmer

Uma ufuna ukufunda ukuthi ungaluhlela kanjani uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, ufikile endaweni efanele. Isifundo sethu esiku-inthanethi sakhiwe ngesethi ye 35 amamojula ahlanganisa zonke izici zokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza. Yize ungadingi ulwazi oluningi lokuhlela ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda nokusebenzisa lesi sifundo, kufanele okungenani ube nolwazi oluyisisekelo lokuhlela ikhompyutha.

Ngaphezu kokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlela, uzophinda ufunde mayelana nesistimu yokusebenza kanye nesakhiwo sohlelo lokusebenza. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi wakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihambisana namasistimu wokusebenza amaningi. Ukuqeqeshwa kuzobandakanya nendlela yokubhala amakhodi afundekayo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zokusebenza zamadivayisi eselula.

I-Android iyisistimu yokusebenza yeselula edumile. Ngenxa yalokho, Onjiniyela bohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android badingeka kakhulu futhi banamathuba amahle emisebenzi. Uzofunda inkundla ye-Android, imvelo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android, kanye nolimi lokuhlela lwe-Kotlin.

Kungani Kotlin

I-Kotlin iwulimi lokuhlela lwe-Android oluhambisana ngokugcwele ne-Java 6. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abathuthukisi be-Java bazokwazi ukubhala izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android futhi basebenzise i-Kotlin. Nokho, njengoba i-Android akuyona inkundla eyodwa, kungase kube nzima kubathuthukisi be-Java ukushintshela ku-Kotlin.

Isibonelo esisodwa sohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android olubhalwe ku-Kotlin uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Pinterest. I-Kotlin iyindlela enhle yokubhala izinhlelo zokusebenza zamadivayisi eselula. Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalolu limi lokuhlela, funda ezinye zalezi zihloko. UChristina Lee ubhala ngolwazi lwakhe esebenzisa ulimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungavakashela iwebhusayithi ye-Kotlin ukuze ubone uhlu olukhulayo lwezinkampani eziyisebenzisayo.

I-Kotlin iwulimi lohlelo oluthayiphiwe ngokwezibalo olusebenza emshinini we-Java virtual. Lolu limi luwumthombo ovulekile futhi lugcizelela ukuphepha, ukucaca, nokusebenzisana. Inamandla amaningi okuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Android, futhi ithole isisekelo esithembekile sonjiniyela.

Onjiniyela abajwayele i-Java bangathuthela kalula e-Kotlin, njengoba kudinga amahora ambalwa kuphela ukufunda. Iphinde isekele izinhlelo ezisebenzayo kanye nama-coroutines, okuhlanganisa okuhle kakhulu konjiniyela be-Android. Futhi yehlisa inani lekhodi unjiniyela adinga ukuyibhala.