Izinzuzo ze-Java Zokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android

I-Android ingenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezidume kakhulu namuhla. Inesabelo semakethe sika 75 iphesenti futhi isetshenziswa ngabaningi kune 2 izigidigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke. Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngesistimu, kunezinsiza eziningi ezitholakalayo. Enye yalezi zinsiza i-Android SDK. Ungakwazi futhi ukufunda okwengeziwe nge-Kotlin ne-Java.

Onjiniyela bajwayelene kakhulu: I-Android SDK

Uma uthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwenkundla ye-Android, kufanele wazi ukwakheka kwayo kwesikhulumi. Lokhu kubhekisela enanini lezinqubo ezenzeka lapho uqala isicelo sakho, kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezicelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukujwayelana nezingxenye ezahlukahlukene ze-Android, kubandakanya Umsebenzi, Isiqephu, Isevisi, kanye neNhloso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukwazi amathrendi akamuva futhi ulandele amathrendi akamuva ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android.

I-Android SDK iqukethe amathuluzi okuthuthukisa ahlukahlukene namalabhulali akuvumela ukuthi wakhe futhi uqalise izinhlelo zokusebenza. Kufanele ube nolwazi olusebenzayo lwalawa mathuluzi futhi uwabuyekeze lapho i-Google ikhipha izinguqulo ezintsha. Ngale ndlela, ungathola okuningi kuzici zakamuva futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza.

Kotlin

Uma ufuna ulimi olusha lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android, ungase ufune ukuhlola i-Kotlin. Iwulimi olufana ne-Java olunezinzuzo eziningi, futhi ingasetshenziselwa imisebenzi eminingana eyahlukene. Iphinde ibe nenzuzo yokukwazi ukuguqulelwa ku-Java-bytecode, okuyisici esihle sabaqalayo.

Ngenkathi i-Kotlin idumile, uzoba nesikhathi esinzima sokuthola izinsiza ekuyifundeni uma umusha kuyo. Ngenhlanhla, kukhona izinsiza eziku-inthanethi ezizokunikeza ulwazi oluyisisekelo oludingayo ukuze uqalise. I-Kotlin inomphakathi omncane wonjiniyela, enganikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo mayelana nolimi. I-Kotlin nayo ishesha kakhulu kune-Java, okusho ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo.

Java, ngokuqhathanisa, idinga okuhlukile okulawulwayo, okungenza ikhodi ibe yinde kakhulu. Lezo izinto ezimbalwa nje okudingeka uziqaphele ngaphambi kokuthi ungene emhlabeni weJava.

Java

Uma uthuthukisa uhlelo lwe-Android, kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi ukhetha ulimi olulungile. Uma umusha ezinhlelweni ze-Android, kufanele uqale nge-Java. Ungasebenzisa i-Java ukuze udale kokubili izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu kanye ne-hybrid. Kunezibonelo eziningi nezinsiza ezitholakalayo ukuze uqale. Okulandelayo ezinye izinzuzo ze-Java ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Android.

I-Java isekela i-Java Native Interface (JNI) echaza indlela i-Java ne-bytecode ye-Android ezisebenzisana ngayo. Kungenzeka futhi ukubhala ikhodi ephethwe yi-Android ku-Java noma ku-Kotlin. I-Kotlin iwulimi oluhlanganisa i-bytecode ngendlela efanayo ne-Java.

Lapho usungula uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, kufanele ulandele umhlahlandlela wonjiniyela we-Android. Inikeza ukubuka konke kwezici eziyinhloko zolimi lohlelo lwe-Java futhi inikeza izibonelo zendlela yokusebenza ngazo. Lo mhlahlandlela uphinde uhlanganise izinkinga zokusebenza kanye namathuluzi ahlukahlukene atholakalayo wokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza.

Insangu

Inkundla yokuthuthukisa i-Dagger Android iwuhlaka olusha lokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ihlinzeka ngohlaka oluhlanzekile lwemijovo, esiza onjiniyela babhale ikhodi ye-Android enamaphutha ambalwa nangokuzinza kwesikhathi eside okuthuthukisiwe. Uhlaka lwenzelwe abaklami besofthiwe, kanye nemodeli yayo yokufunda esebenzisanayo ikuvumela ukuthi ubone futhi ujabulele ukuqaliswa bukhoma.

Njengonjiniyela we-Android, udinga uhlaka olungakwazi ukubhekana nobunzima bemakethe ephathwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, omakhalekhukhwini abaningi namathebulethi asebenzisa isofthiwe esekwe ku-Android, okusho ukuthi udinga ukuba nohlaka olungabhekana nezinguqulo ezihlukene zesistimu nosayizi besikrini. I-Dagger iyisinqumo esifanele salokhu, njengoba inikeza ukulandeleka okugcwele, futhi ilungele ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Android.

I-Dagger isebenzisa i-ProGuard bytecode generator ukuze ilandele ikhodi ye-Java. Lokhu kuyenza ikwazi ukukhipha i-bytecode yomthombo wemvelo. Iphinde iqinisekise ukuthi umthombo we-Java uyahambisana nokulungiselelwa kwe-ProGuard.

Ama-API wesevisi asekelwe endaweni

Uma ungunjiniyela we-Android, mhlawumbe ungathanda ukusebenzisa ama-API esevisi yendawo ukuze ulandelele indawo yabasebenzisi bohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Ama-API Wesevisi Esekelwe Indawo akuvumela ukuthi udale kalula izinhlelo zokusebenza eziqaphela indawo. Ungasebenzisa lawa ma-API ukuze ungeze izici ezifana ne-geofencing nokuqashelwa komsebenzi ezinhlelweni zakho zokusebenza.. Ama-API abuyisela ububanzi bolwazi oluhlanganisa nebanga elilinganiselwe, isivinini, kanye nokunemba kwendawo.

Ama-API Esevisi Asekelwe Endaweni ye-Android ayatholakala kubakhiqizi bengqalasizinda futhi asiza onjiniyela bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ngempumelelo kakhudlwana.. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wakha uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android noma lwe-iOS, lobu buchwepheshe obusha benza kube lula ukwakha umkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu ngokushesha. Lawa ma-API avame ukubizwa “Ama-Beacon-Frames” futhi zisebenza ku-Android 6.0 futhi kamuva, IWindows 10, I-Linux 3.18, kanye ne-iOS. Zingalungiselelwa ukuphendula i-MAC-ikheli eliyingqayizivele.

Nakuba amasevisi asekelwe endaweni angase abonakale elula futhi ewusizo, zingase futhi ziholele ekukhathazekeni okuyimfihlo. Ngenhlanhla, kunezindlela zokuphuma ekulandeleleni. Ngokwesibonelo, I-Cisco inikeza ithuba lokuphuma kubasebenzisi abangafuni ukulandelelwa.

I-OpenGL

Lapho uthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, ungasebenzisa i-OpenGL API ukuze udale izithombe ze-3D. Lobu buchwepheshe busekelwa ku-Android yi-OpenGL ES API, okuwukunambitheka kokucaciswa kwe-OpenGL okudizayinelwe amadivayisi ashumekiwe. Le API ifana ne-J2ME's OpenGL ES API, nakuba zingafani. Uma uhlela ukusebenzisa i-OpenGL ES kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android, Nazi izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzazi mayelana nobuchwepheshe.

Ngaphezu kokunikeza ihluzo ze-3D, I-Android futhi ihlinzeka ngosekelo lwezithombe ze-2D isebenzisa i-OpenGL ES. Lokhu okuhlukile kwe-OpenGL kuklanyelwe ngokuqondile amasistimu ashumekiwe futhi kusekelwa ku-Android 1.0 futhi 2.2. Kusukela ku-OpenGL ES 2.0 isekelwa amadivayisi amaningi we-Android, kufanele usebenzise le nguqulo ye-API ezinhlelweni zakho zokusebenza.

I-ReactiveX/RxAndroid

Uhlaka lokuthuthukisa lwe-ReactiveX/RxAndroid ludizayinelwe ukwenza kube lula konjiniyela ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokusebenza okuphezulu. Umtapo wolwazi futhi uhlinzeka ngamathuluzi okuphatha nokuphatha ukusakazwa kwedatha okungavumelaniyo. Nakuba ulimi luyinkimbinkimbi, kulula ukufunda nokukhumbula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umtapo wolwazi uyahambisana nezinkundla eziningi, kufaka phakathi i-Java ne-Android.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ReactiveX/RxAndroid kungenziwa endaweni yokuthuthukiswa ebumbene njenge-Android Studio, enamathuluzi okuhlola adidiyelwe kanye ne-debugger. Nokho, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-Android zingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okubandakanya ukuxhumana okuningi kwabasebenzisi nokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi. Ngenxa yalokho, ikhodi ingaba yinde impela futhi ingase ibe nephutha. I-ReactiveX ingenye indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga. Ngalolu hlaka, onjiniyela bangakha imisebenzi engavumelaniyo ngenkathi besebenzisa iphethini yokuklama engaguquki.

I-ReactiveX yenza kube lula izinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngokusebenzisa opharetha abehlisa izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi emigqeni emincane yekhodi. Ukuzama/ukubamba okuvamile akusebenzi ekubaleni okungavumelaniyo, kodwa i-ReactiveX futhi ihlinzeka ngezindlela zokuphatha amaphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Okuqaphelekayo kanye namashejuli asusa ubunkimbinkimbi bokuvumelana, ukuvumelanisa, kanye nentambo yezinga eliphansi.

I-Architecture Yesevisi Esekelwe Indawo

Amasevisi asekelwe endaweni aya ngokuya aduma ezinhlelweni zeselula, njengoba benikeza izinzuzo eziningi kanye namacala okusetshenziswa awusizo. Noma kunjalo, kukhona nezingozi ezihlobene nokusebenzisa izinsiza ezisekelwe endaweni. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abasebenzisi bangase bangakhululeki ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalandela ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Ukubhekana nalezi zingozi, onjiniyela kufanele basebenzise indlela esuselwe kumvume kusakhiwo sesevisi esekwe endaweni.

Isevisi esekelwe endaweni iwuhlobo lohlelo lokusebenza lweselula olusebenzisa idatha ye-geo-location ukuhlinzeka ngamasevisi womuntu siqu. Uhlelo lokusebenza lungasebenzisa le datha ukuze lubonise ulwazi olufanele noma luthole amasevisi aseduze, njengabashayeli bamakhumbi. Ukuze ukwazi ukusebenzisa amasevisi asekelwe endaweni, unjiniyela we-android kufanele aqonde ukuthi basebenza kanjani futhi bawasebenzise ezinhlelweni zabo zokusebenza.

Ukuze usebenzise izinsizakalo ezisekelwe endaweni, onjiniyela badinga ukucabangela ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene. Ngenkathi i-GPS iyisixazululo esihle kakhulu sezimo eziningi zangaphandle, ukunemba kwayo kulinganiselwe. Ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo, Ngokwesibonelo, ayikwazi ukukhomba indawo yomsebenzisi. Obunye ubuchwepheshe bukhona obunikeza izinga elithile lokunemba kwendawo, kodwa usenemikhawulo eminingi.

I-Android Security Architecture

I-Android isebenzisa i-architecture evikelekile ukuze ivikele abasebenzisi bayo kanye ne-ecosystem yayo. Iqala nge-kernel, futhi idlulele kukhodi yomdabu kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesistimu yokusebenza. Isofthiwe esebenza ngaphezu kwe-kernel ibizwa nge-Application Sandbox. Zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lesihlabathi sohlelo lokusebenza zivikelwe isethi yemithetho. Ezinye izinkundla zikhawulela onjiniyela kuzinhlaka ezithile, Ama-API, kanye nezilimi, kodwa i-Android ayiphoqeleli noma yimiphi imikhawulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ikhodi yomdabu ivikeleke njengekhodi ehunyushiwe.

I-architecture yezokuphepha ye-Android ivikela idivayisi ezinhlelweni ezenza imisebenzi eyingozi. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinhlelo zokusebenza zivinjelwe ekufundeni idatha kubasebenzisi noma ukubhala amafayela kudivayisi. Futhi abakwazi ukufinyelela inethiwekhi ngaphandle kwemvume yomsebenzisi.