Izingxenyekazi Ezihlukene Zokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Android

Kunomehluko eminingana phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kwe-iOS ne-Android. Ku-iOS, izinhlelo zokusebenza zenziwa nge-Xcode, ulimi lokuhlela oludizayinelwe i-Swift ne-Objective-C. Android, Ngokwesinye isandla, ikuvumela inkululeko eyengeziwe. Kunezinguqulo eziningana ze-Android, futhi udinga ukusebenzisa isofthiwe efanele ukwakha izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza.

Into Pascal

Uma ufuna ulimi lwe-OOPS ukuze uthuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, ungase ufune ukuzama i-Object Pascal. Isandiso solimi lokuhlela lwe-Pascal olusekela uhlelo olugxile entweni futhi luhlanganiselwe kukhodi yomdabu. I-Object Pascal iyisinqumo esihle kakhulu sonjiniyela ngoba iyakwazi ukuguquguquka futhi kulula ukuyifunda. Ungathola izinguqulo eziningi ezahlukene ze-Object Pascal zamapulatifomu ahlukene. I-Object Pascal ingumthombo ovulekile futhi iyindlela enhle yabaqalayo.

I-Object Pascal inesistimu yohlobo oluqinile nezici eziningi zokuvumelana, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi, ikusasa, nemicu yangemuva. Lolu limi nalo lunwebeka ngokwedlulele. Yakhelwe ekuqaleni uhlelo olubizwa nge-MacApp, okwakuyikhompyutha engasekela izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningana ezahlukene. Izici zayo futhi zivumela i-polymorphism, ifa lezinto, ukuvalwa, kanye nomjovo wokuncika. Iphinde isekele izakhiwo zedatha ezithayiphiwe ngokuqinile futhi ihlanganisa nenani lezinye izici ezifana nolimi.

I-Object Pascal iwulimi lwezinhlelo olunamandla futhi olusetshenziswa kabanzi. Ayithathwa njengolimi oluphelelwe yisikhathi futhi isebenza kahle nezimo eziningi zesimanje zokuthuthuka. Empeleni, isetshenziswa ngisho kuma-IDE afana noLazarus kanye ne-Castle Game Engine11. Zombili lezi zindawo zihambisana ne-Android ne-iOS. Uma ungathanda ukuzama i-Object Pascal yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android, ungalanda inguqulo yamahhala yolimi noma uzame enye yezihlanganisi ze-Object Pascal ezitholakala ngokwentengiso.

I-Object Pascal iphinde isekele okuhlukile. Ungasebenzisa okuhlukile okwakhelwe ngaphakathi noma uchaze okwakho. Ungasebenzisa futhi abasizi bekilasi (kufana nezici ku-Smalltalk kanye ne-Extension Methods ku-C #), okukuvumela ukuthi wengeze izindlela kumakilasi akhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isekela ama-Generics, okuvumela ukuthi uchaze amakilasi asebenza kunhlobonhlobo yezinto.

Java

Ukuthuthukisa i-Android kulula kakhulu nge-Java. Ulimi kulula ukulufunda futhi lwaklanywa kucatshangwa ngabahleli bohlelo abasha. Ukusebenzisa i-Java ekuthuthukiseni i-Android kusho ukuthi ungadala izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokushesha futhi usebenzise imali encane ezisetshenziswa zokuqeqesha. Ungakwazi futhi ukusebenza nonjiniyela abanolwazi futhi uthembele kulwazi lwabo.

Okokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android, I-Java ulimi lokusebenzisa olukhethwayo. Ungathola okokufundisa ngeJava lapha: I-Java Programming Basics. Izokufundisa izisekelo zolimi futhi ikubonise indlela yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ukusebenzisa lesi sifundo, ungakha uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lokuqala lwe-Android ngokushesha! Kukhona ezinye izifundo eziningi ezitholakalayo ku-inthanethi ezizokusiza ukuthi uqalise.

Ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Android, imisebenzi iyinhliziyo yohlelo lokusebenza. Umsebenzi ngamunye uyikhasi lesikrini ozulazulela kulo ngokuchofoza kulo. Ku-Java, uzodala ikilasi elibizwa ngokuthi MainActivity, okuyisigaba esingaphansi Somsebenzi wekilasi le-Android. Kuzoba indawo yokungena eyinhloko yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza futhi iqukethe izindlela ezifana neyinhloko() futhi onDala().

I-Java ingolunye lwezilimi zokuhlela ezilula ukufunda. Ulimi lwasungulwa okokuqala nguJames Gosling weSun Microsystems, kamuva eyathengwa u-Oracle. Manje isisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Lolu wulimi oluhle kakhulu lokudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula. Uma ungunjiniyela wewebhu ofuna ukufunda ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Android, Kufanele ucabangele ukusebenzisa i-Ionic. Imitapo yolwazi kanye namathuluzi ayo kwenza kube lula ukwakha elula, uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenzisanayo.

Okokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android ku-Java, ungasebenzisa i-Eclipse. Le IDE yomthombo ovulekile inezici eziningi eziwusizo, okuhlanganisa ukulungisa iphutha. Ungasebenzisa futhi i-Kotlin. I-Kotlin ihlanganisa i-bytecode njengoba kwenza i-Java.

Kotlin

I-Google isanda kumemezela ukuthi izoshintsha ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Android ku-Kotlin. Ulimi olusha lokuhlela luwulimi oluthayiphiwe ngokwezibalo olusebenza emshinini wokubuka we-Java. I-Google ikhuthaza onjiniyela ukuthi basebenzise i-Kotlin ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android futhi isiguqule i-Android Studio ukuze ivumele abathuthukisi ukuthi bayisebenzise..

I-Kotlin iwulimi olunamandla oluvumela abathuthukisi ukuthi benze izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokushesha. Ingasetshenziselwa uhla olubanzi lwemisebenzi futhi ihlanganiselwe ku-Java bytecode. Ine-syntax enembile eyenza kube lula konjiniyela ukubhala ikhodi futhi bayigcine kalula. Ngenxa yalokho, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android.

Ngenkathi i-Kotlin ingenawo amandla njengeJava, kukhona ezinye izinzuzo zokuyisebenzisela ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Kulula ukuyiqonda futhi inikeza imibhalo eyengeziwe, okuwusizo uma ufuna ukwenza izinguquko ngokushesha. Enye inzuzo ye-Kotlin ukuhambisana kwayo okuphezulu. Ngokungafani ne-Java, ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-cross-platform.

I-Java isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zedeskithophu, kodwa i-Kotlin iya ngokuya iduma ngabathuthukisi abasebenza ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-Android. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-Android-Entwicklungsteam amaningi akhiwe abahleli bezinhlelo abasha okungenzeka abayazi kahle i-Java.. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bangaqeda amaphrojekthi kalula ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isamba esikhulu sezinsiza ekuqeqesheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bangasebenzisa amakhono onjiniyela abanolwazi njengoba kudingeka.

I-Kotlin iwulimi oluthayiphiwe ngokwezibalo olunikeza ukuphepha okuhle kakhulu kokuthayipha. Ivimbela ukuthayipha okungafuneki ngokusebenzisa i-Type Inference ukukhomba okuguquguqukayo. Iphinde isekele imisebenzi efana nokulingana(), Ikhodi ye-hash(), futhi kuString(), futhi ivumela abathuthukisi ukuthi balinganisele Amakilasi Wedatha.

I-Gradle

Onjiniyela be-Android abafuna ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula kufanele bafunde mayelana ne-Gradle yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android. Le softhiwe inikeza ukusebenza okunamandla kwe-CI/CD okuvumela abathuthukisi ukuthi bakhe futhi basebenzise izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza ngokuzethemba. Futhi ihlinzeka ngomhleli osebenziseka kalula wokubhala ikhodi kumafayela e.xml kanye ne.java.

Le softhiwe ikuvumela ukuthi udale izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amafayela e-java nawe-xml. Izici zayo ezinamandla zikuvumela ukuthi udale izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi kalula. Kuphinde kukusize ukuthi udale inqubo yokwakha engaguquki. Ngokulandela isethi yezinyathelo ezisebenzisekayo kabusha, ungakha uhlelo lokusebenza olunokwethenjelwa futhi olulondolozekayo.

I-Gradle iyithuluzi lokwakha elidumile elenza kube lula inqubo yokuthuthukisa i-Android ngokwenza inqubo yokwakha ngokuzenzakalela, ukukongela isikhathi esiningi nemali. Isekela amakhulukhulu ezandiso ze-Android futhi isebenza ne-Java Development Kit. Imahhala futhi ingumthombo ovulekile, futhi iqhudelana nezinye izinhlelo zokwakha ezifanayo njenge-Apache Ant ne-Maven. Ilayisensi ngaphansi kwe-Apache 2.0 ilayisense.

I-Gradle isekela inqolobane yaseMaven, okwenza kube lula ukushicilela nokuphatha ukuncika kwephrojekthi. Ukwengeza, ikuvumela ukuthi udale ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi amaningi, ngephrojekthi yempande nanoma iyiphi inombolo yamaphrojekthi angaphansi. I-Gradle iphinde isekele ukwakhiwa kwengxenye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma iphrojekthi idinga ukwakhiwa kabusha, I-Gradle izokwakha kabusha iphrojekthi ngaphambi kokuzama ukwakha amanye amaphrojekthi.

Umthombo Ovulekile

I-Android Open Source Project iyinkundla ehlanganyelwayo yokuthuthukisa isofthiwe yamadivayisi we-Android. Iwumthombo ovulekile, okusho ukuthi ikhodi ingasetshenziswa yinoma yimuphi umkhiqizi wedivayisi. Iningi labenzi bama-smartphone okungewona ama-iPhone basebenzisa ikhodi ye-Android emikhiqizweni yabo, kuhlanganise LG, I-Motorola, I-Samsung, kanye ne-HTC. Abanye abakhiqizi bahlanganisa i-OnePlus, Xiaomi, kanye Nodumo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ngokuvamile zisatshalaliswa kusetshenziswa ifomethi ye-APK.

I-Android iyisistimu yokusebenza yeselula yomthombo ovulekile eyakhiwe i-Google. Kuyiphrojekthi yomthombo ovulekile ehlinzeka ngekhodi yomthombo kanye nolunye ulwazi lokudala izinguqulo zangokwezifiso zenkundla, kanye namadivayisi okuthutha endaweni yesikhulumi. Umgomo wephrojekthi ukudala i-ecosystem enempilo yezigidi zabasebenzisi be-Android abasebenzisa inkundla.

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Android kuyikhono okulula ukulifunda. Ipulatifomu ilula, futhi ungathola izinsiza eziningi ku-inthanethi. Nokho, ezinye izici zingakhawulela amathuba akho omsebenzi njengonjiniyela we-Android. Ukutholakala kokuhlangenwe nakho kungenye yezinto ezinganciphisa amathuba akho omsebenzi, kodwa ngokujwayelekile, uzokwazi ukuthola umsebenzi njengonjiniyela we-Android ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho.

Imvelo yomthombo ovulekile yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android yenza kube lula kunoma ubani onombono ukudala uhlelo lwakhe lokusebenza lwe-Android. I-Android ingenye yezinkundla ezidume kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza. Kulula futhi ukuyisebenzisa futhi kuyavumelana nezimo. Lokho kwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle komsebenzi kulabo abanolwazi olulinganiselwe lwezobuchwepheshe. Inkundla iyisofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile, okukuvumela ukuthi wenze ngokwezifiso ukwakheka futhi wengeze izici ezifanele kuye ngezithameli zakho ozihlosile.