Ukuqalisa Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android Programmieren

Uma ufuna isifundo sohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, kufanele ucabangele ukubheka uchungechunge lwe-Android Programming lwabaqalayo. Lesi sifundo sezincwadi ezintathu sizokufundisa i-Java, Ukuhlela Okugxile Kwezinto, imidlalo yokuhlela, kanye ne-JSON-Data evela ku-inthanethi. Izokusiza futhi ukuthi uqonde izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezitholakalayo ku-Android. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, bona i-Android Programming yabaqalayo: Okuyisisekelo

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomdabu ziyizinhlelo zokusebenza ezibhalwe ngolimi olusekelwa ngokomdabu umthengisi we-OS wedivayisi

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomdabu (Ama-NMA) izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibhalwe ngolimi ezisekelwa umthengisi we-OS wedivayisi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu zihlinzeka ngomuzwa ocace ngendlela emangalisayo. Onjiniyela bangasebenzisa ama-SDK omdabu, ezenzelwe ngokukhethekile ingxenyekazi yedivayisi, ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizwakala njengengxenye engahlukaniseki yedivayisi. Kodwa, izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu zibiza kakhulu ukuzithuthukisa, futhi ziboshelwe kumthengisi we-OS wedivayisi ethile. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, iningi lemidlalo yevidiyo yamadivayisi eselula izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu.

Yize ezinye izici ezitholakala kuhlelo lokusebenza lwendabuko azitholakali kuhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu yeselula, lokhu akusho ukuthi awukwazi ukubhala izinhlelo zokusebenza okungezona ezomdabu zengxenyekazi yeselula. Ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula kulula kunangaphambili, sibonga amathuluzi afana ne-Xamarin MonoTouch ne-Appcelerator Titanium.

Inzuzo eyodwa enkulu yokwakha uhlelo lokusebenza lwendabuko ukuphatheka kwalo. Ngokungafani nezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu, izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu ziqondene nengxenyekazi ethile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo yokuthuthukisa izoshesha kakhulu, futhi ungasebenzisa izici ezithuthuke kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomdabu nazo zibhalwa endaweni yolimi nentuthuko esekelwa umthengisi we-OS wedivayisi. Ngenkathi i-Java kuwulimi lokuhlela oludume kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lweselula, I-Kotlin ithola ukuthandwa njengendlela esebenzayo yonjiniyela.

I-Android iyisistimu yokusebenza yeselula esetshenziswa kakhulu. Ithuthukiswa ngokuyinhloko i-Google futhi iphromothwe yimikhiqizo yayo ye-Nexus ne-Pixel. Abakhiqizi abaningi bakhiqiza amadivaysi e-Android. Abanye babo basebenzisa i-CyanogenMod ne-MIUI. Kukhona futhi izinto eziningi ezahlukene zefomu nosayizi ongakhetha kuzo. Ngakho, iyiphi ekufanele? Ngethemba, lesi sihloko sizokusiza ukuthi unqume.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomdabu zivumelana nezimo futhi zingavumelana nezinguquko kanye nempendulo evela kubasebenzisi. Ukwengeza, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zingabuyekezwa ukuze kwengezwe izici ezintsha ezisuselwe kumathrendi emakethe nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu nazo zihlinzeka ngendawo yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, ukuvumela ibhizinisi lakho ukuthi likhule. Futhi, bangakusiza ukuthi uye phambili emncintiswaneni. Ngendlela efanele, izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza zeselula zingaba yimpumelelo!

Ukubi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-cross-platform kuncane, kodwa zingaba yinkimbinkimbi. Nakuba zombili zinezinzuzo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-cross-platform aziguquki futhi zinezinkinga zokusebenzisana. Zithatha isikhala esiningi futhi zikhawulelwe uma kuziwa ku-UI/UX. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomdabu nazo zisabela kakhulu, okubalulekile ezinqubweni zangemuva. Ekugcineni, izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu ziyinketho engcono kakhulu yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lweselula.

Okunye okuphambene nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezixubile ukuntula kwazo ukwesekwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomdabu, Ngokwesinye isandla, sebenza kuwo wonke amapulatifomu amakhulu. Angafakwa kudivayisi ngendlela efanayo nohlelo lokusebenza oluxubile. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zomdabu ziqine kakhulu, kodwa umuntu ovamile angase angawazi umehluko phakathi kwabo. Umehluko wangempela kuphela phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu nezixube ulimi.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziqhubekayo ziyizinhlelo zokusebenza ezibhalwe ngolimi olusekelwa umthengisi we-OS yedivayisi

Uhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu oluqhubekayo (I-PWA) uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-cross-platform olungasebenza kunoma iyiphi ingxenyekazi, kuhlanganise namadeskithophu, omakhalekhukhwini, kanye namaphilisi. Ngoba okuqukethwe kubhalwe ngolimi olusekelwa umthengisi we-OS yedivayisi, lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenza kuzo zonke iziphequluli ezithobela izindinganiso, kufaka phakathi i-HTML ne-CSS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyasebenzisana nezinguqulo ze-OS zedivayisi eziningi, kuhlanganise namadivayisi asekelwe ku-ARM.

Zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu zomdabu neziqhubekayo zinezinzuzo zazo. Ngenkathi izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziqhubekayo zivame ukubhalwa ngolimi olusekelwa umthengisi we-OS yedivayisi, ababelani ngamaqoqo edatha wedivayisi. Bathembele kudatha evela kusiphequluli esikhundleni sezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zedivayisi nesofthiwe, okubenza basebenzise amandla kakhudlwana kunozakwabo bomdabu. Kodwa ngenkathi izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu zinenzuzo yokufinyelela ihadiwe yedivayisi nokugcina impilo yebhethri, izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziqhubekayo azikwenzi.

Ukusebenzisa isisebenzi sesevisi kuvumela izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziqhubekayo ukuthi zisebenzise inqolobane yokuqukethwe ehlelekayo. Inqolobane yewebhu ye-HTTP evamile, ngokuqhathanisa, igcina okuqukethwe kuphela ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwayo kokuqala, futhi incike kuma-heuristics ukuze inqume lapho ingasadingeki. Inqolobane ehlelekayo, ngokungqubuzanayo, ingalanda kuqala okuqukethwe ngaphambi kokuthi umsebenzisi akucele, futhi uyilahle lapho ingasadingeki. Ngokungafani nenqolobane yewebhu ye-HTTP evamile, izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu eziqhubekayo zingenza amakhasi azo afinyeleleke ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi nangamanethiwekhi ekhwalithi ephansi.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu ziyanensa ukuthuthukisa nokunakekela, kodwa kulula ukuzisebenzisa kudivayisi. Zibuye zibize kakhulu ukuzinakekela, njengoba izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu kufanele zifakwe kudivayisi. Nokho, abathuthukisi bezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula bangabhala izinhlobo ezifanayo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zezingxenyekazi eziningi. Okuwukuphela kokubi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganisiwe ukuthi zidinga amagobolondo omdabu ahlukene we-Android ne-Apple iOS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyingxube zifaneleka kangcono ekuthuthukisweni kwe-MVP namaphrojekthi asekelwe kokuqukethwe alula.

Uma kuziwa ekuqaliseni uhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu oluqhubekayo, ulimi olusebenzisayo kufanele lusekelwe isistimu yokusebenza yedivayisi. Ngale ndlela, ungaqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lusebenza kahle ezinkundleni ezahlukene. Uma unedivayisi yeselula engasekeli izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu, usengayisabalalisa nge-App Store. Ungakwazi ngisho nokugcina i-PWA esikrinini sasekhaya sedivayisi yakho ngaphandle kokulanda ifayela.

Ngaphandle kokuduma kwama-PWAs, izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu zisenganikeza ukuzizwisa okuphezulu. Basebenzisa izici eziqondene nedivayisi njengekhamera, i-gyroscope, kanye ne-accelerometer ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi lomsebenzisi olungcono kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu zingaphinda ziguqule idatha ebalulekile ibe ukuzizwisa. Ngokwesibonelo, bangakwazi ukulandelela indawo yomsebenzisi, shisa ama-calories, futhi ngisho ukukhombisa ukungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona ngokoqobo ifenisha.

Isixazululo esidume kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwendabuko. Kuyisisekelo sezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezaziwayo njenge-LinkedIn, I-PokemonGo, I-Telegram, kanye ne-Google Maps. Le ndlela ilungele ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula okulula ukuzisebenzisa nokuzigcina. Nokho, kubalulekile ukukuqonda lokho 80% yabathengi bazozama uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula kanye kuphela. Ngisho nokusebenza kancane kancane kungadumaza ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuqalisa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android

Ukuqalisa ngokuhlela izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android kulula, kodwa hhayi ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile okufanele uzazi. Ngamafuphi, uzofuna ukudala umsebenzi (iwindi esikrinini lapho umsebenzisi axhumana nalo) bese uyibhala ikhodi. Umsebenzi uvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi enze imisebenzi eyahlukene, njengokushayela umngane noma ukuthumela i-imeyili. Kuye ngosayizi wesikrini, iwindi lomsebenzi lingathatha isikrini sonke noma libe lincane. Ingakwazi ngisho nokubeka ngaphezu kwamanye amafasitela.

Ungafunda ukwenza ikhodi ye-Android ngokufunda izisekelo ze-Java ne-XML. Uzophinde ufune ukufunda ngeNdawo Yokuthuthukiswa Okudidiyelwe (I-IDE) futhi wakhe amathuluzi e-automation. Ngokwesibonelo, ungasebenzisa i-Eclipse noma i-IDE yesitudiyo sohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ungafunda futhi ukuphatha izakhiwo usebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-Apache Maven ne-Ant. Uma usufunde izisekelo zokuhlela izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, ungahlanganyela kwamanye amaphrojekthi, noma ufake isandla kuphrojekthi yomphakathi.

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokufunda ukuhlela izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ukulanda nokufaka i-Android Studio. Uzodinga futhi i-Java ne-Java Development Kit (JDK). Uma ukukhompyutha, vula imenyu ye-Android Studio bese uchofoza ‘Iphrojekthi entsha’. Kusukela lapha, ungenza ngokwezifiso izinketho. Ungaphinda ubhale ikhodi ku-Android Studio. Qiniseka ukuthi unenguqulo yakamuva ye-Java Development Kit (I-Java SDK).

Uma usunezinto eziyisisekelo ngaphansi kwebhande lakho, ungakha amaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho nokufunda. Ungakwazi futhi ukwakha uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lokuqala kusukela kusifanekiso. Isebenzisa i-Android Studio, ungasebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izifanekiso eziningi nezingxenye ezitholakalayo. Njengoba amakhono akho ethuthuka, ungenza ngendlela oyifisayo iphrojekthi futhi wengeze izici. Ukuqalisa ngohlelo lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android akunzima njengoba ungacabanga. Ngokufunda izingxenye ezahlukene zenqubo yokuthuthukiswa, uzokwazi ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlangabezana nezinhloso zakho.

Ukuze uqalise ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, kubalulekile ukukhetha indlela yokufunda efanele. Inkundla yokuhlela ye-Android ingenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza zamaselula ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngamakhulu ezigidi zamadivayisi anikwe amandla yiyo phezu 190 amazwe. Ngalezi zibalo, akumangazi ukuthi i-Android izobusa imakethe yeselula nge 2020. Ngokulandela isifundo ngesinyathelo, ungazilungiselela ukuba unjiniyela we-Android. Kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi oluthile lwangemuva ku-Java, I-XML, kanye ne-Kotlin ngaphambi kokuzama ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android.

Uma usuwazi kahle lezi zisekelo, ungazama ikhithi yamathuluzi ye-Android Jetpack Compose. Kuyikhithi yamathuluzi esekelwe ku-Kotlin, okuwulimi lokuhlela olusebenzisana ne-Java. Iphinde inikeze ngezinhlobonhlobo zemitapo yolwazi ye-Android. Imitapo yolwazi isekelwe esikhaleni samagama se-Androidx. Lesi sikhala samagama singena esikhundleni seLabhulali Yokusekela futhi ihambisana ngokugcwele ne-Java. Ukuze udale iphrojekthi yohlelo lokusebenza, vula i-Android Studio bese ukhetha isifanekiso esisha sephrojekthi esisekelwayo.