Ungaludala kanjani uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android

Uma uzibuza ukuthi ulwakha kanjani uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, funda uqhubeke. Uzofunda okuyisisekelo Kwezinjongo, Umsebenzi Lifecycle Callbacks, Okuthandwayo-Izinto, kanye nekhodi ye-Java. Khona-ke, uzofunda ukuthi ungadala kanjani uhlelo lokusebenza olwenziwe ngokwezifiso oluhlangabezana nezidingo zakho. I-Android-Betriebssystem cishe izoduma kumakhasimende akho futhi ikhulise imali engenayo. Ingxenye engcono kakhulu ukuthi kulula ukuzenza ngokwakho.

Izinhloso

Onjiniyela bohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android bangapakisha izinhloso zabo ukuze bazenze zitholakale kubasebenzisi. Lokhu kuvumela i-Android OS ukuthi yazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifakwe kudivayisi, kanye nokuthumela izicelo kuhlelo lokusebenza olufaneleka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, inhloso ingathunyelwa ku-Google Amamephu uma umsebenzisi esesha indawo ethile, noma isixhumanisi sokukhokha esiya ku-SMS. Endaweni ye-Android, izinhloso zisetshenziselwa ukusuka kolunye uhlelo luye kolunye, futhi ungawasebenzisa ukuze uzulazule ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza.

Izinhloso ziyisisekelo sokuxhumana phakathi kwezinqubo ze-Android. Izinhloso zingasetshenziselwa ukuqondisa kabusha kolunye uhlelo lokusebenza, ukuvula izilungiselelo, noma ukuthumela i-SMS. Isibonelo senhloso yindlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-setData. I-setDataAndType() Indlela ikuvumela ukuthi ucacise i-URI yedatha. Igama layo lisobala, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ingasetha kokubili uhlobo lwe-URI ne-MIME. Leli ithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu lokudala uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android.

Izinjongo ziyithuluzi elihle kakhulu lokusebenzisana nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zinsizakalo, uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lungaqalisa imisebenzi emisha noma luthole ekhona ukuthi yenze isenzo. Ingakwazi futhi ukuletha imilayezo neziyalezo kubamukeli bokusakaza. Uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lune-API yokudalula idatha, ungasebenzisa leli thuba. Uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lungakatholakali, ungasebenzisa izixhumanisi ezijulile nezikimu ze-URL zangokwezifiso ukuze uyiqalise. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi wenze uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lusebenze ngokushesha.

Izinhloso zingaba sobala noma zibe sobala. Owokuqala ucacisa umsebenzi noma ingxenye okufanele iqalwe futhi iphele. Ngokungqubuzanayo, lona wakamuva umemezela isenzo ngokujwayelekile, kanye nesistimu ye-Android ifanisa leso senzo nengxenye efanele. Uma ufuna ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza ukuthatha isithombe, ungabeka inhloso yokwenza kanjalo. Futhi, uma uzama ukuqalisa uhlelo lokusebenza olusha, ungakha inhloso esobala ngenhloso yokuthwebula isithombe.

Umsebenzi Lifecycle Callbacks

Uma uthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, uzodinga ukwazi ukuthi usebenzise kanjani i-Activity Lifecycle Callbacks. Lezi uchungechunge lwezindlela ezibizwa lapho umsebenzi uqala, iyama, bese iqala kabusha. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziselwa ukulondoloza idatha yohlelo lokusebenza nokwenza idatha engalondoloziwe uma umsebenzi ufihliwe noma uqalwa kabusha. Bangaphinda babizwe ukuthi bakhulule ezinsizeni zesistimu ezifana ne-Bluetooth ne-Wi-Fi.

Uma uthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, uzodinga ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa i-Activity Lifecycle Callbacks ukuze ugweme izinkinga eziningi ngokuzayo. Uma uthuthukisa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, uzodinga ukwazi ukuthi lezi zenzakalo zenzeka nini nokuthi ungasabela kanjani kuzo. Ungasebenzisa i-onStart() indlela yokuthola isaziso uma umsebenzi uqala ukusebenza. I-OnStart() ibizwa ngemuva nje kwe-onCreate() indlela isetshenzisiwe. Le ndlela izovumela umsebenzi wakho ukuthi ungene esimweni sokuqala futhi ulungiselele ukusebenzisana komsebenzisi.

I-OnStart() indlela ibizwa ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi ucekelwe phansi. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi lapho umsebenzi uqala, kodwa ingase futhi ibizwe uma umsebenzi uphela. Uma umsebenzi ungaqediwe, isistimu ingase iyisuse okwesikhashana ukuze ikhulule isikhala. The isFinishing() indlela ingakusiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zimo ezimbili. I-OnStart() kanye ne-OnStop() izindlela ziyizindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuthola umjikelezo wempilo womsebenzi.

OnDestroy() umjikelezo wokugcina wokushayelwa emuva komsebenzi. Uma uyishayela ngaphambi kokuthi umsebenzi uphele, isistimu izodala entsha. Lokhu kuphinda kushayelwe kufanele kukhiphe noma yiziphi izinsiza ezingakhishwanga ukufona okudlule. Ukushayela emuva komjikelezo wempilo nakho kungakusiza ukuthi ulawule ukusebenza kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Nokho, kungcono ukusebenzisa lezi zingcingo kuphela uma uqinisekile ukuthi zizodingeka.

Okuthandwayo-Izinto

Ngenkathi uthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani i-Preference-Elements. Uma ungazi ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu, ungafunda kabanzi ngakho kulo mhlahlandlela. Ichaza indlela yokusebenzisa i-Preference-Elements ngendlela eyisisekelo. Izintandokazi-Izinto ziyindlela yokuhlela izilungiselelo zibe amaqembu. Asetshenziselwa ukubonisa izilungiselelo ezikrinini ezihlukene.

Ukuze usethe amanani athandwayo, udinga ukudala i-subclass ye-Preference.BaseSavedState futhi uyidlulisele inani le-boolean, okubonisa ukuthi ingabe inani lilondolozwe ngaphambilini. Khona-ke, ungasebenzisa inani eliqhubekayo futhi ubuyekeze i-UI. Kungenjalo, ungasebenzisa inani elizenzakalelayo. Uma usuzimisile izintandokazi, ungasebenzisa lezi Preference-Elements.

Okuthandwayo kuyibhlokhi yokwakha eyisisekelo ohlelweni lokusebenza lwe-Android. Imele isilungiselelo esithile esinokubhanqwa kwenani elingukhiye. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlu lwamabhokisi okuhlola esigabeni esithi Izilungiselelo zohlelo lokusebenza luqukethe ibhokisi lokuhlola elilodwa futhi i-EditTextPreference ibonisa uhlu lwamabhokisi okuhlola. Ngokufanayo, i-EditTextPreference ingasetshenziswa ukugcina inani lombhalo elilodwa.

Ungakwazi futhi ukusebenzisa i-Preference-Elements API ukuze wakhe isixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula sohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ungasebenzisa i-Preference-Elements ukuze ungeze izilungiselelo ezintsha futhi ulawule ezikhona. Izintandokazi-Izinto zikuvumela ukuthi udale i-UI yohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android ehambisana nokuncamelayo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android. Ungakha isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi usebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezigatshana ezihlukene zekilasi Lokuncamelayo futhi uzimemezele kufayela lakho le-XML.

Ukwengeza i-node ku-hierarchy ethandwayo kulula futhi kulula. I-Preference-Elements i-API esiza onjiniyela bathuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android okulula ukuzinakekela. Ngale API, ungakha uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android olugcwele izici. Ukhiye uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi uyaqonda ukuthi i-Preference-Elements isebenza kanjani nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Lokhu kuzokusiza ugweme ukudideka esikhathini esizayo.

Ikhodi ye-Java

Uma ungunjiniyela we-Android, kungenzeka ukuthi uyazi ngokubaluleka kokusebenzisa Ikhodi ye-Java ezinhlelweni zakho zokusebenza zeselula. Ulimi luguquguquka kakhulu futhi lungasetshenziswa ezinkundleni eziningi ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-Android ne-iOS. Iphinde ihlanganiswe futhi ingafundwa kalula. Kufanele ukwazi lokhu, ngoba i-Java ingolunye lwezilimi ezidume kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ake sibhekisise ukuthi kungani kufanele usebenzise Ikhodi ye-Java ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android.

Okokuqala, kufanele ufunde i-syntax eyisisekelo ye-Java. Ungafunda ukuthi ungakha kanjani ikilasi le-singleton, amakilasi okubala, kanye nezinhlobo zokusebenzelana ne-Java ngokusebenzisa ithuluzi elibizwa nge-Android Studio. Kungumqondo omuhle ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi igama lekilasi noma uhlobo luyahambisana nemithetho yolimi yokuqamba.. Ngale ndlela, ungakwazi ngokushesha ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula kalula.

Okwesibili, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukwakheka kwamadivayisi we-Android. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi i-Android iyimakethe ehlukene enamadivayisi amaningi ahlukene asebenzisa amasistimu wokusebenza ahlukene. Ukusekela amadivayisi amaningi kusho ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe, ukuhlola, kanye nezindleko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ludinga ukusekela izinzwa ezihlukene nezisetshenziswa ze-UI. Futhi, awufuni ukwenza uhlelo lokusebenza olunezinkundla eziningi uma ungenalo ulwazi lokuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani wonke amapulatifomu ahlukene.

Ngenkathi i-Java yaziwa ngekhodi yayo emfushane, ayisekeli ama-coroutines. Uma usebenzisa i-Kotlin, uzokwazi ukunweba amakilasi akhona futhi wengeze iziqalo egameni lawo. Ngenkathi i-Java ingasekeli imisebenzi yesandiso, ungathola ifa lemisebenzi yekilasi labazali. I-Kotlin iwulimi olusemthethweni lokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ngaphezu kwe-Java, uzothola nokuthi i-Kotlin isekela izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yezibalo. Ngokufunda Kotlin, uzokwazi ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ezisheshayo nezingenazo iziphazamisi.

I-Xamarin

I-Xamarin iwuhlaka lokuthuthukiswa kwezingxenyekazi ezihlukene zokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula. Lolu hlaka lukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ulimi olujwayelekile lokuhlela kanye nomtapo wezincwadi wekilasi okwabelwana ngawo kuzo zonke izinkundla. Lokhu kuyasiza uma udinga ukwenza izinguquko kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza, noma uma unezinguqulo ezihlukile zohlelo lokusebenza olufanayo kumadivayisi ahlukene. Uma usebenzisa i-Xamarin ku-iOS, ungasebenzisa i-iOS SDK kanye namafomu e-Xamarin ukuze udale i-UI engaguquki kuwo wonke amapulatifomu.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Xamarin zabelana 75% wekhodi futhi unikeze ukufinyelela okugcwele ekusebenzeni kwawo. Baphinde basebenzise ukusheshiswa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezithize futhi banezindawo zokusebenzelana zabasebenzisi bomdabu. I-Xamarin iyinketho enhle yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android uma ufuna isixazululo senkundla ehlukene. Kulula ukufunda, futhi ilungele nabathuthukisi abanolwazi olunzulu nge-C#. Kuyisinqumo esihle sabaqalayo abafuna ukuqalisa ngokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-cross-platform.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Xamarin zitholakala kumadivayisi e-Android. Ngenxa yalokho, bane-UI yekhwalithi ephezulu nolwazi lomsebenzisi. Nokho, okubi kule nkundla wuphawu lwabo olukhulu, okunganciphisa izikhathi zokulanda. Ngenxa yalokho, onjiniyela kungase kudingeke behlise usayizi wohlelo lwabo lokusebenza ukuze balugcine lulula. Lokhu kungase kungabi inketho engcono kakhulu kubasebenzisi abaningi. Futhi, umphakathi waseXamarin usemusha futhi udinga ukukhula. Kusenzima kancane ukuthola usizo, ngakho-ke kuzomele ubekezele ngaleli thuluzi.

I-Xamarin SDK yakhelwe abathuthukisi yi-Microsoft. Ingumthombo ovulekile ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-MIT futhi itholakala njengengxenye ye-Visual Studio. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhetha okungcono kunezinye izinkundla. Ukutholwa kweMicrosoft kwe-Xamarin in 2016 ikwenze kwaba lula nakakhulu ukuyisebenzisa futhi yavula indlela yokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, onjiniyela abaningi manje baphendukela ku-Xamarin ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android.