Kotlin – Ulimi Lwesibili Lokuhlela Oludume Kakhulu Lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android

Uma ucabanga ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, lapho-ke indawo engcono kakhulu ongaqala ngayo ithuluzi lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza. Abantu abaningi basebenzisa i-Android Studio, kodwa kukhona nezinye izinketho futhi. Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi iyiphi ozoyisebenzisa, cabanga ukujwayelana noKotlin, okuwulimi olusemthethweni lwesistimu yokusebenza ye-Android. Lolu limi kokubili luwumthombo ovulekile futhi lumahhala, futhi iwulimi lwesibili oludume kakhulu ku-GitHub.

I-Kotlin iwulimi olusemthethweni lwesistimu

Uma ungunjiniyela we-Android, cishe ubonile ukuthi i-Kotlin ithandwa kakhulu nsuku zonke. Eminyakeni emibili edlule, isibe ulimi lwesibili olusemthethweni lwesistimu yokusebenza ye-Android, ukudlula ukusetshenziswa kwe-Java. Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-Google ilinganisela ukuthi ngaphezu kwalokho 50% yonjiniyela be-Android abangochwepheshe bayayisebenzisa manje. Futhi inkampani ithi lolu limi luhambisana ne-Java, okwenza kube lula ukusuka kwenye uye kwenye.

U-Kotlin ungumthombo ovulekile, ulimi lohlelo oluthayiphiwe ngokwezibalo olusebenza ku-Java Virtual Machine. Ingabuye ihlanganiswe ku-JavaScript. Yakhiwe yinkampani yaseRussia iJetBrains, ephinde yathuthukisa i-IntelliJ IDEA futhi ineqembu elikhulu labasekeli be-Android.

I-syntax yayo ilula, okwenza kube lula ukufunda. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Java, I-Kotlin inemigqa embalwa yekhodi ye-boilerplate, ukwenza kusheshe ukuthi onjiniyela babhale ikhodi. Onjiniyela abaningi abanolwazi bakhetha i-Kotlin esikhundleni se-Java, njengoba kulula ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android usebenzisa i-Kotlin.

I-Android SDK inikeza onjiniyela be-Java kanye ne-C++ ngendawo yokuthuthukiswa efanayo. I-SDK ihlinzeka ngohlaka lokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu ze-Android, kuyilapho i-NDK inikeza ukufinyelela emitatsheni yomdabu yekhodi yomdabu. I-NDK ikuvumela ukuthi uzenzele eyakho imitapo yolwazi.

I-Kotlin inikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa eziphoqelelayo kubathuthukisi be-Android, okuhlanganisa nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe, ukwesekwa kokuhlela okusebenzayo, kanye a 40 amaphesenti ukuncishiswa ikhodi Java. Ulimi futhi 100% iyahambisana ne-Java, ngakho abathuthukisi bangakwazi ukwengeza kalula i-Kotlin ku-codebase yabo ekhona. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abathuthukisi bangaxuba futhi bafanise ikhodi ye-Kotlin ne-Java ngomzamo omncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Izichasiselo ze-Kotlin zivumela abathuthukisi ukuthi benze inqubo yokuhumusha ngendlela oyifisayo.

I-Kotlin ingumthombo wamahhala futhi ovulekile

Uma ufuna ulimi lokuhlela lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, I-Kotlin iyisinqumo esihle kakhulu. Lolu limi lomthombo wamahhala noluvulekile lunezinzuzo eziningi eziphoqayo konjiniyela. Ngokwesibonelo, iqeda amaphutha ereferensi angenalutho futhi inikeza izici zokuhlela ezisebenzayo njengama-coroutines. Inganciphisa inani lekhodi ye-Java cishe 40 iphesenti.

Ngaphezu kwemvelo yayo yomthombo wamahhala novulekile, I-Kotlin nayo iyi-cross-platform. Ingahlala kanye nekhodi ye-Java kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, okusho ukuthi onjiniyela bangabelana ngekhodi kuzo zonke izinkundla. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukunweba uhlelo lokusebenza olukhona lwe-Java. I-Kotlin inikeza isethi ecebile yezici i-Java engenazo.

Izinkampani eziningi ezinamagama amakhulu manje zisebenzisa i-Kotlin ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zabo zokuthuthukisa. I-Pinterest, uhlelo lokusebenza lokwabelana ngezithombe oludumile, isanda kuthutha isuka e-Java iye e-Kotlin. Iphinde yathuthukisa isivinini sokusetshenziswa kwayo futhi yathuthukisa ukuzinza kwayo kukonke. Evernote, uhlelo lokusebenza lokuphatha umsebenzi oluku-inthanethi, enye inkampani eye yazuza ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Kotlin.

Ngokungafani ne-Java, Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Kotlin zidinga ikhodi encane futhi kungaba lula ukuyigcina. Lezi zinzuzo zenza i-Kotlin ibe inketho enhle kakhulu yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lweselula. Ngenkathi u-Kotlin esanda kungena emakethe yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lweselula ye-Android, izinkampani eziningi ezisunguliwe sezivele zenze ushintsho.

I-Kotlin iphinde inikeze ngohlelo oluphephile olubika izinkinga ngaphambi kokuthi zifinyelele esikhathini sokusebenza. Lesi sici sisiza onjiniyela bahlaziye ikhodi ngokuphazima kweso futhi balungise noma yimaphi amaphutha ngaphambi kokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lufinyelele ikhasimende. I-Kotlin inikeza ukuphepha okuphelele okungenalutho, okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Android ngoba i-Android isebenzisa i-null ukumela ukungabikho kwevelu.

Uma ufuna ukufunda ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, I-Kotlin iyisinqumo esihle kakhulu. Lolu limi lokuhlela luyi-cross-platform futhi lusebenza ku-Java Virtual Machine, ngakho-ke iyahambisana nazo zombili izinkundla ze-Android ne-iOS. Kulula futhi ukuyisebenzisela abaqalayo. Ulimi lusekelwa yi-Google futhi kunezifundo eziningi zamahhala ezitholakalayo zokukusiza ukuthi uqalise.

I-Kotlin iwulimi lwesibili olusebenza kakhulu ku-GitHub

I-Kotlin iwulimi lwesimanje lohlelo oluthayiphiwe ngokwezibalo olusetshenziswa ngaphezulu 60% yonjiniyela be-Android abangochwepheshe. Ithuthukisa ukukhiqiza nokwaneliseka konjiniyela, futhi inezici ezifana nokungabi nalutho, okuvimbela i-NullPointerExceptions. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibhalwe ku-Kotlin zitholwe zikhona 20% mancane amathuba okuthi iphahlazeke. I-Kotlin iyinketho enhle yonjiniyela be-Android, ikakhulukazi njengoba i-Android Studio inikeza usekelo lwezinga lokuqala lwayo. Kuhlanganisa amathuluzi akhelwe ngaphakathi okuguqula ikhodi esekelwe ku-Java ibe yi-Kotlin.

I-Kotlin iwulimi oludume kakhulu ku-GitHub

Uma uhlela ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, ungase ube nentshisekelo yokufunda i-Kotlin, ulimi oludume kakhulu ku-GitHub. I-Kotlin iwulimi lokuhlela olugxile entweni kanye ne-Feature-Oriented. Ingathayipha ngokwezibalo futhi isetshenziselwa ukwakha i-JavaScript kanye Nomshini Obonakalayo we-Java. Ulimi lwakhiwe ngabakwaJetBrains, inkampani ngemuva kwe-IntelliJ IDEA ne-Android Studio. Inguqulo yakamuva ye-Kotlin ikhishwe ngenyanga edlule, futhi kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-LLVM, ukwesekwa kwamasistimu wokusebenza amaningi, kanye nedatha ye-binar.

Isizathu esiyinhloko esenza i-Kotlin idume kangaka ku-GitHub yokwakhiwa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ukuthi iwulimi lokuhlela oluzinzile okulula ukulufunda.. Isebenza ku-Java Virtual Machine futhi ingahlanganiswa ibe yi-JavaScript-Quellcode. Onjiniyela asebejwayelene ne-Java nabo bangadlulela kalula ku-Kotlin.

I-Kotlin isekela i-plugin ye-Multiplatform Mobile ye-Android Studio. Ungakwazi ukufaka kalula le plugin kuphrojekthi yakho ye-Android Studio ngokuchofoza okumbalwa nje. Uma isifakiwe, ungaqala ukuthuthukisa nokuhlola izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza zeselula. Ungasebenzisa futhi i-plugin ukwenza izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu ze-Android.

I-Kotlin/Native ihlinzeka ngokusebenzisana kwe-bi-directional nemitapo yolwazi ye-Swift kanye ne-Objective-C. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikhodi ye-Kotlin ingathuthelwa kukhodi ye-Swift ne-Objective-C ngokuthunyelwa kwe-@objc.

I-Kotlin iwulimi oludume kakhulu ku-GitHub

Uma ufuna indlela esheshayo nefanelekile yokudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, I-Kotlin yisisombululo esiphelele. Lolu limi olusha luwulimi lokuhlela lwe-backend oluhambisana ne-Java olwethulwa kulo 2011. Nakuba ingekho ‘njengokuqephuza’ njengeJava, kusewulimi olulula kakhulu ukufunda. I-syntax yayo ebabazekayo kanye nokugcinwa kalula kwayo kuyenza ibe yinketho edumile konjiniyela.

Esinye sezizathu ezenza u-Kotlin athole ukuduma njengolimi olukhethwayo lokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android ukuthi lugunyazwe yi-Google.. Ukwengeza, lolu limi lunabanikeli abakhula ngokushesha kakhulu ku-GitHub. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi i-Google ikwenze ‘ulimi lwezinga lokuqala’ ngonyaka odlule.

Onjiniyela kufanele bahlale bazi ngobuchwepheshe obusha futhi bajwayelane nezinye izindawo. I-JavaScript ne-ReactJS ubuchwepheshe obubili obudumile, kodwa abaholi abaningi begatsha bathuthele ku-ReactJS. Nokho, kungaba nzima ukuhlonza imitapo yolwazi ye-React.

I-Python kulula kakhulu ukufunda nokuhlela kuyo. I-syntax yayo ithi prazise, futhi iza nemitapo yolwazi ebanzi yekhodi yemisebenzi eyahlukene. Enye into enhle ngePython ukuthi imahhala futhi ingumthombo ovulekile. Ingasetshenziswa ngisho nakumaphrojekthi angokwenyama, njengeRaspberry Pi.

Amathuluzi e-Android-Entwicklung ngaphandle kwe-Android Studio ayatholakala. Amathuluzi e-Android-Ingenieur angumthombo ovulekile futhi amahhala. Amanye ala mathuluzi awadumile kangako, kodwa namanje umthombo ovulekile futhi mahhala. Kukhona ne-BASIC, okuwulimi olusebenziseka kalula, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuqala ngayo uma udinga umbono ngokushesha. Nokho, ukuze uthole ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android oluthuthuke kakhulu, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-Application Builder, eliza nemisebenzi ebalulekile kanye nezakhi zomdabu.

Onjiniyela be-iOS bangasebenzisa i-Swift. Ngenkathi imitapo yolwazi yakwaCocoa Touch isafana naleyo eku-Objective-C, I-Swift inikeza ukusebenzisana kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokusabela okusheshayo kuzinguquko zokulungisa iphutha. Ulimi luwumthombo ovulekile, okusho ukuthi umphakathi uyaweseka kakhulu.