Funda Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Izinhlelo Zokusebenza ze-Android Nge-Android Programmierer

Njengomhleli we-Android, ungaqala ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zamadivayisi eselula futhi uthole ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene. Java, Kotlin, I-Xamarin, Vula i-Handset Alliance, futhi i-Android Studio yizilimi ezimbalwa nje zokubhala amakhodi ongazazi kahle. Kulesi sihloko, sizophinde sikhulume nge-Android SDK nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ukuze udale izinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizofaka amanye amaphrojekthi womthombo ovulekile ajwayelekile ongasebenza nawo.

Java

Uma umusha ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Android, lapho-ke kufanele ufunde ukuthi ungazakha kanjani izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android nge-Java Programmierer. Ulimi olusemthethweni lokudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android i-Java, kodwa kunezinye izindlela eziningi. I-Kotlin isanda kudlula izimbangi zayo i-Clojure ne-Scala ukuze ibe ulimi lwezinhlelo oludume lwesibili oludumile lwe-Android.. Ngaphandle kokukhetha kwakho ukuhlela, ungazuza ngokufunda ukuhlela izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android usebenzisa i-Java.

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokufunda i-Java ukuthi kulula ukuyithatha. Ulimi lwenzelwe abahleli abasha futhi lusetshenziswe emikhiqizweni eminingi yesofthiwe. Ngolwazi olwanele lwe-Java, ungajoyina i-Android-Entwicklungsteam futhi uqedele imisebenzi ngaphandle kokuchitha imali eningi ekuqeqesheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungathemba laba bathuthukisi abasha ukuthi benze umsebenzi omuhle. Kodwa ungayithola kanjani inkambo enhle?

Okokuqala nje, kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi unamathuluzi afanele. Onjiniyela be-Android kumele bazi i-Java. I-Java iwulimi lokuhlela olusetshenziswa kakhulu ohlelweni lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ulimi lusekela izinkundla eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-Android. Ngokwalesi sizathu, udinga ukujwayelana nakho kokubili. I-Kotlin ifundeka kalula kune-Java, ngakho-ke kufanele uyikhethe uma ufuna ithuluzi lokuhlela elisebenza kahle nge-Android ne-iOS.

Ngemva kokufunda i-Java, kufanele uqale ukwakha izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza ze-Android. I-Java SDK iyinkundla yamahhala esekela ikhodi ephethwe, ngakho-ke umhleli omuhle we-Java ubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umthuthukisi wezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula. Indawo enhle yokufunda iJava indawo yemakethe ye-Android. Kunezinkulungwane zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezitholakalayo. Kunezindlela eziningi ezahlukene ongakhetha kuzo, ukuze uqalise ngokushesha! Lapho ufunda i-Java, maduze uzoba unjiniyela we-Android ongcono kakhulu okhona.

Kotlin

Uma ungumhleli we-Android, mhlawumbe uzwile ngoKotlin. Izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu neziqalo seziqalile ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android e-Kotlin. I-Google ibuye ibe newebhusayithi yabathuthukisi be-Kotlin. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokufunda ukubhala izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android nge-Kotlin ukubhalisela esinye sezifundo ze-Google, noma uthathe eyodwa enikezwa yi-Udacity.

Indlela enhle yokuqala nge-Kotlin ukubhalisela isifundo samahhala esivela enkampanini yokuthuthukisa i-Android. Lezi zinkampani zingongoti ngolimi futhi zizokufundisa okuyisisekelo. Amakilasi e-Android-Programmer azokufundisa nendlela yokusebenzisa i-Android Studio, ucezu lwesofthiwe yamahhala ongayilanda ukuze uqalise. Bazokufundisa okuyisisekelo kwe-Android ne-Kotlin, okuhlanganisa Ikhithi Yokuthuthukisa Isofthiwe ye-Android. Ikilasi lisebenza ngezandla futhi lihlanganisa ulwazi oluningi olusebenzayo kanye nokubhala amakhodi okulula. Uzobona ngokushesha imiphumela, okufaka phakathi izithombe-skrini zendlela uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza olusebenza ngayo.

Uma ungathanda ukuba wuhlelo lwe-Android, I-Kotlin ingakusiza ukuthi usebenzise ngokugcwele amakhono akho amasha. I-Android iyisistimu yokusebenza yeselula ethandwa kakhulu, nge 75% yemakethe. Ngokufunda indlela yokuhlela i-Android e-Kotlin, ungathola inzuzo yokuncintisana embonini yeselula. I-Kotlin iwulimi lwezinhlelo olukhula ngokushesha kakhulu, futhi isifundo sikulungiselela ukuthi ubhale izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-professional-grade zeplathifomu. Ikharikhulamu yohlelo idalwe ngokubambisana ne-Google futhi iklanyelwe ukukusiza ukuthi wakhe iphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene futhi ube uchwepheshe wezinhlelo ze-Android..

I-Java kube ulimi oluyinhloko lokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android, futhi abathuthukisi bashintshele e-Kotlin eminyakeni yakamuva. Kodwa uma ungumhleli we-Android, ukufunda i-Kotlin kuzokuvumela ukuthi udale izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokushesha kunalokho obukucabanga. Ngobuchwepheshe bayo be-LLMV compiler, Ikhodi yomthombo we-Kotlin ihlanganisa ibe amafayela kanambambili azimele, ikuvumela ukuthi ubhale izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokushesha nangempumelelo.

Ulimi lwesiKotlin lwaqala ukuthuthukiswa ngo 2011 futhi yenze ukukhululwa kwayo ngokusemthethweni ku 2016. Idlule ezigabeni ezimbalwa zokuthuthukiswa kwe-alpha ne-beta ngaphambi kokukhishwa, futhi amaphrojekthi amaningi ayisebenzise ngaphambi kokukhululwa okusemthethweni. I-Kotlin iwulimi lokuhlela olunamandla nolusebenzayo, ukuhlanganisa izici ezinhle kakhulu zezinye izilimi ne-IDE ye-Java. Futhi inokuhambisana okuhle kakhulu nemitapo yolwazi ehlukahlukene ye-JDK.

I-Xamarin

I-Xamarin ye-Android Programmer iwuhlaka lokuthuthukiswa kwenkundla ehlukahlukene olukuvumela ukuthi wakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu zazo zombili i-Android ne-iOS.. I-UI yayo yomdabu ivumela abathuthukisi ukuthi basebenzise i-codebase efanayo nolimi ukuze babhale ingqondo yebhizinisi futhi balethe ulwazi olunzulu ngomsebenzisi olucebile kuwo wonke amapulatifomu.. Ikuvumela nokuthi usebenzise uhlaka olufanayo lokuthuthukisa nokusatshalaliswa kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Umphumela uwuhlelo lokusebenza olusheshayo, kulula ukuyigcina, futhi inamaphutha ambalwa.

I-Xamarin ibhalwe ngo-C#, ulimi olukhulile olunokuthayipha okuhle kakhulu kokuphepha. Ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise imitapo yolwazi yomdabu, okuhlanganisa ikhamera nemakrofoni, ngenkathi usebenzisa ama-API akamuva. I-Xamarin iyingxenye yomndeni wakwaMicrosoft, futhi kulula ukukuhlanganisa ne-Visual Studio ne-MSDN. Abathuthukisi be-Microsoft bangathuthela kalula ku-Xamarin, kodwa bazodinga ukujwayela imvelo ye-C #, nge-getters nezakhiwo zayo.

I-Xamarin ye-Android Programmer iyinketho enhle yonjiniyela beselula abadinga ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa lwezingxenyekazi eziningi. Nokho, le ndlela ingaholela ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinkulu kunezinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu. Ngisho a “Sawubona, umhlaba” app for Android kungaba 16 MB. Lokhu kungenxa yokulungiselelwa okwengeziwe, okuhlanganisa nokukhipha ikhodi engasetshenziswanga kumalabhulali afakiwe. Ukwengeza, i-Xamarin ye-Android Programmer ingasebenzisa uhlaka lwenkampani yangaphandle ukuze idale izinhlelo zokusebenza zazo zontathu izinkundla.

Enye inzuzo ye-Xamarin ukuthi isebenzisa isitaki esisodwa sobuchwepheshe kunezinkundla eziningi, ukunciphisa izindleko zobunjiniyela kanye nesikhathi sokumaketha. I-Xamarin iyisixazululo esihle sokudala izixazululo zeselula zebhizinisi. I-Xamarin isekela i-UI evamile, okuhlanganisa 90 amaphesenti awo wonke amaphrojekthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, I-logic yomkhiqizo oyinhloko ingabiwa kuwo wonke amapulatifomu, nokwenza ngokwezifiso kuzothatha 5-10% yesikhathi esiphelele sobunjiniyela.

I-Xamarin wuhlaka lokuthuthukiswa kwenkundla ehlukene, futhi yasungulwa ku 2011. Umphakathi waseXamarin manje usudlulile 1.4 izigidi zabathuthukisi abavela 120 amazwe. IMicrosoft ithenge i-Xamarin ngaphakathi 2016 futhi wayifaka ku-Visual Studio IDE. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zamabhizinisi futhi ithole izibuyekezo eziningi ezinhle phakathi neminyaka. Cishe 15,000 izinkampani zisebenzisa i-Xamarin ye-Android Programmer.

Vula i-Handset Alliance

I-Open Handset Alliance iyinhlangano yemboni ehlanganiswe 84 izinkampani ezizinikele ekuthuthukiseni izindinganiso ezivulekile zedivayisi yeselula. Amalungu enhlangano ahlanganisa i-AT&T, UDell, Intel, I-LG Electronics, I-Motorola, I-Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Nokia, I-Samsung Electronics, I-T-Mobile, Inkampani Sprint, kanye ne-Wind River Systems. Izindinganiso ze-Open Handset Alliance zizosiza abenzi bedivayisi yeselula ukuthi bakhe kangcono, ezithengekayo, kanye namadivayisi eselula asebenzayo. Qhubeka ufunde ukuze ufunde mayelana nemizamo yabo yokuletha amazinga avulekile wedivayisi yeselula kubathengi.

Nakuba kungesiyo yonke inkampani yenethiwekhi yeselula eyilungu, abaningi banesandla ku-Open Handset Alliance kanye namazinga ayo. Ngokwesibonelo, I-Verizon Wireless ayilona ilungu kodwa ithe ifoni ye-Android ingangena kunethiwekhi entsha evulekile yenkampani futhi ifanelekela ukuthola isitifiketi ngokushesha.. Ngo-Okthoba, I-T-Mobile ne-HTC bamemezele i-G1 – ifoni yokuqala ukusebenzisa isistimu yokusebenza ye-Android ye-Google. I-Open Handset Alliance iyinhlangano yemboni ebalulekile ekhuthaza abakhiqizi bemishini ephathwayo ukuthi babelane ngolwazi phakathi kwezinkampani futhi basebenzisane.

Ngemuva kokuthi i-Android iqalile, I-Google ithathe umyalo wokuthuthukiswa kwe-Android. Ukuqala ekuqaleni 2010, I-Google ilawule ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi ayo e-Nexus aphambili. Ngo-August 2011, I-Google ithenge i-Motorola futhi yaletha ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha endlini. Lokho kwaqeda i-Open Handset Alliance njengenhlangano ezimele. Noma kunjalo, kufanelekile ukubheka le nhlangano. Ngakho, yibuphi ubuhle nobubi bokujoyina le nhlangano? Ukubheka umlando wenhlangano namathemba esikhathi esizayo.

I-Open Handset Alliance iyinhlangano engenzi nzuzo ene-over 80 amalungu, kuhlanganise ne-Google, I-HTC, I-Samsung, I-Qualcomm, kanye nezinye izinkampani eziningi ezihamba phambili zamadivaysi eselula. Amalungu ayo ahlanganisa abakhiqizi be-smartphone, abakhiqizi be-handset, izinkampani ze-semiconductor, kanye nezinkampani zokuthuthukisa isoftware. Wonke amalungu abelana ngokuzibophezela ekwandiseni ukusebenza kwezentengiselwano kokuthuthukiswa kwenkundla evulekile. Kanjalo, bayasebenzisana futhi babelane ngamanothi ukwenza ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza kube lula. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-Open Handset Alliance ayiyona imbangi ku-Android.

Njengelinye lamalungu asungula i-Open Handset Alliance, AbakwaSamsung bamukele i-Android kusukela ekuqaleni. Ikwazile ukuba ngokushesha ibe wuphawu oluphambili lwe-smartphone, futhi usesigcinile leso sikhundla iminyaka. AbakwaSamsung bathuthukise uchungechunge oludumile lwe-Galaxy S, isabelomali kanye namafoni aphakathi kwebanga, kanye namafolda ahamba phambili e-Galaxy Z embonini. Ngenkathi i-Samsung idlale ngokushintsha amapulatifomu e-smartphone, ihlale ingumsebenzisi we-Android oqinile.