Funda Okuyisisekelo Kokuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lokusebenza lwe-Android

Ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, onjiniyela basebenzisa i-Android SDK nolimi lokuhlela lwe-Java. Nge-SDK, bangakha kanambambili yohlelo lokusebenza olulodwa futhi bamemezele izingxenye ze-UI besebenzisa amasethi angasindi wezinsiza ze-XML. Bangasebenzisa uhlaka lwe-UI yendawo yonke noma bathuthukise izici ze-UI eziqondene ngqo namathebulethi noma ama-smartphone.

I-Gradle

I-Gradle iyindawo egxile ekwakheni yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ivumela izinguqulo eziningi zohlelo lokusebenza ukuthi zakhiwe kusuka kuphrojekthi eyodwa. Amadivayisi e-Android eza ngosayizi abahlukahlukene besikrini nezinhlobo zokucubungula, okwenza kudingeke ukuthi udale izinguqulo eziningi zohlelo lokusebenza. Ukusebenzisa i-Gradle, ungakhomba izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamadivayisi.

I-Gradle inezinhlobo ezimbili zokwakha, lungisa iphutha futhi ukhulule. Uhlobo lokwakhiwa kokususa iphutha lunika amandla izinketho zokususa iphutha futhi lusayinde uhlelo lokusebenza ngokhiye wokususa iphutha. Uhlobo lokwakhiwa kokukhishwa lunganciphisa futhi lufiphaze uhlelo lokusebenza, futhi uyisayine ngokhiye wokukhulula. Lapho usebenzisa i-Gradle, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa uhlobo lokwakha olulungile.

I-Gradle iyithuluzi lokwakha elizenzakalelayo elivumela abathuthukisi ukuthi bakhiqize i-apk efayeleni le-Java noma le-XML. Ingenza imisebenzi eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ikhodi, ukuyihlanganisa, nokuyipakisha. Ukusebenzisa ithuluzi lokwakha elizenzakalelayo, inqubo inokwethenjelwa futhi iyavumelana.

I-Gradle ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise kabusha izinsiza namafayela ajwayelekile. Futhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa i-manifest yezinhlobonhlobo zokwakha ngendlela efanayo ebalulekile. Lokhu kukusiza ukuthi usebenzise kabusha izinsiza ezijwayelekile nemisebenzi kuzo zonke izinguqulo ezihlukene zohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Nge-Gradle, ungaphinda udale Isifanekiso se-Gradle sangokwezifiso ukuze wenze ngokwezifiso isakhiwo.

I-Gradle iyithuluzi elinamandla lokwakha elizenzakalelayo lokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ihlanganisa amandla ezinye izinhlelo zokwakha futhi ithuthukise ukushiyeka kwayo. Ivumela onjiniyela ukuthi babhale izikripthi ze-Java nezici eziqondene ne-Android, futhi ibavumela ukuthi bakhe izinguqulo eziningi zezinhlelo zabo zokusebenza. Ukwengeza, I-Gradle kulula ukuyisebenzisa futhi ivumelana nezimo kune-Maven ne-Ant.

Java

Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android kungaba inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala nje, kungcono kakhulu ukuzibekela umgomo ongokoqobo. Njengoba ufunda izisekelo, uzofuna ukwengeza izici futhi uzame ngemibono emisha. Ukuba nomgomo kusiza ukugcina inqubo yokufunda ihlelekile futhi ijabulisa. Uma usunombono walokho ofuna ukuyakha, ungaqala ukwakha uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lokuqala lwe-Android.

Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa i-Java ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ukuthi ulimi lukhululekile futhi luhlanganisa umtapo wolwazi omkhulu wemitapo yolwazi yemithombo evulekile.. Lokhu kuzosiza onjiniyela bakho banciphise isikhathi sokuthuthukisa futhi behlise izingozi zokuphepha. Futhi, I-Java isekelwa kabanzi umphakathi omkhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, I-Java yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android inokulinganiselwa okumbalwa. Ngokungafani nezinye izilimi zokuhlela, I-Java ayikwazi ukugcina idatha yomsebenzisi, okungaholela ekulahlekeni kwedatha.

Nakuba i-Java ingeyona ingxenyekazi ezimele, sekuye kwaduma kakhulu phakathi konjiniyela. Inwebekile yafinyelela kumapulatifomu eselula, kanye ne-Java Mobile Edition yenzelwe amadivaysi eselula. Izinhlelo ze-Java zihlanganiswa zibe yi-bytecode futhi zenziwa ngaphakathi komongo we-Java Virtual Machine. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuphepha. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Java zenzelwe ukwethembeka futhi zibe nobungozi obuncane.

I-Java iwulimi olunzima oludinga ukubhalwa kwekhodi okwengeziwe kanye nenkumbulo eyengeziwe. Ngenxa yalokho, Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Java zingahamba kancane ukusebenza. Kotlin, enye indlela ye-Java, yakhelwe ku 2011 ngabathuthukisi be-JetBrains ukuthuthukisa i-Java. Isekela ukusebenza ngokuhambisana ne-Java futhi yenza ukuhlanganisa ne-JavaScript kube lula. Imigomo ye-Kotlin iyafana naleyo ye-Swift futhi ingaba usizo kubathuthukisi be-Java.

I-XML

I-XML yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android iwulimi lwemakhaphu olungasindi olusetshenziselwa idatha ehlobene ne-UI. I-syntax yayo ilula futhi ivumela ukulinganisa okulula. Ngaphezu kokuba nesisindo esincane, I-XML futhi kulula ukuyibhala. Ungayisebenzisa ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza ukuze ubhale imenyu, isakhiwo, noma ikhasi lewebhu.

I-XML iwulimi lwemakhaphu olunikeza umongo wedatha futhi lwenza ukusesha izinto ezithile kube lula. Futhi ingumthombo ovulekile futhi ingasetshenziswa nanoma yiluphi ulimi lokuhlela kanye nohlelo lokusebenza, ukunikeza onjiniyela umkhawulo wokuncintisana. I-XML ingasetshenziselwa izinjongo ezahlukahlukene ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-Android, kuhlanganise nokudlulisa idatha, ukufometha amadokhumenti, nokudala izakhiwo.

Ngaphezu kokwengeza umongo kudatha, I-XML futhi yenza ukushintshana kwedatha kube lula. Isekelwe Olimini Lwemakhaphu Olujwayelekile Olujwayelekile, osekungamashumi eminyaka isetshenziswa embonini yokushicilela. I-XML yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ingasebenzisa ukusebenza okufanayo ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezivamile. Iwusizo kudatha ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezivamile.

Uma udala uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, uzodinga amakhompyutha amabili. Enye ikhompyutha yokuthuthukisa, lapho uzobhala khona ikhodi ye-Android, kuyilapho enye kuyidivayisi ozobe uthuthukisa kuyo uhlelo lokusebenza. Ikhompyutha yokuthuthukisa ideskithophu noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo, kodwa ungasebenzisa futhi ikhompyutha ye-Mac noma ye-Linux uma leyo kuyinkundla oyikhethayo. Idivayisi ye-android ayithathwa njengekhompyutha, kodwa kungaba smartphone, ithebhulethi, noma iwashi elihlakaniphile.

I-Android Studio

Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android Studio lukuvumela ukuthi uthuthukise izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu ze-Android ngendawo yokuthuthukiswa efanayo nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-iOS zomdabu. Isekela izilimi ezihlukahlukene zokuhlela, futhi ungayisebenzisa ukuze udale izinhlelo zokusebenza zanoma iyiphi idivayisi ye-Android. Uhlelo luqukethe i-emulator ecebile yesici yokuhlola izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ingase futhi ilingise i-smartphone ye-Android ebonakalayo futhi ikunikeze ngendawo ehlanganisiwe yazo zonke izidingo zakho zokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Izici zayo ezibalulekile zifaka ukuhlanganiswa ne-Git, umhleli ocebile ngesici, kanye nezinketho zesampula zokungenisa kanye nokuthekelisa.

I-interface ye-Android Studio ihlelelwe ukwenza ukusebenza ngephrojekthi yakho kube lula futhi kusebenze kahle. Iphuma namathebhu eduze kwesobunxele nakwesokudla akuvumela ukuthi uvule amafasitelana ahlukene. Kukhona nebha yesimo ngaphansi kwewindi ebonisa isimo sephrojekthi yakho, izixwayiso, futhi yakhe inqubekelaphambili. Iwindi elikhulu liqukethe nendawo yokubhala ikhodi, okukuvumela ukuthi uvule futhi uhlele amafayela amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ungasebenzisa futhi izinqamuleli zekhibhodi ukuze uzulazule ngokushesha kuphrojekthi yakho.

I-Android Studio nayo iza ne-IDE eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ebizwa nge-IntelliJ. Lesi sihleli sikuvumela ukuthi udale ikhodi esebenziseka kabusha, engeza i-XML kusuka kuzifanekiso, futhi udale izingxenye ze-UI. Ungakwazi futhi ukwenza ngokwezifiso isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi ngokungeza izingqikithi nezithonjana.

Ukudala isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi

Ukudala i-interface yomsebenzisi yohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android yingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza. Ngenkathi uklama Isixhumi Esibonakalayo Somsebenzisi, onjiniyela kufanele bakhumbule izethameli zabo. Nakuba ukusebenza nokuqanjwa kabusha kubalulekile, ubulula bomklamo owenza ukunakwa kwabathengi. I-User Interface yohlelo lokusebenza ivamise ukuba ngenye yezinto ezinqumayo ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lugunyaziwe yini ku-Google Play Isitolo noma cha..

Kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezihlukile zokudizayina isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi sohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Okokuqala nje, kufanele ucabange ngosayizi wesikrini. Izikrini eziningi zihluke kakhulu ngosayizi, okwenza kube semqoka ukusebenzisa izinqumo ezifanele uma uthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Enye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokwenza i-UI ibukeke iyinhle ukusebenzisa ithuluzi le-Graphical Layout ukuze udale i-UI ephendulayo.. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi wenze izinguquko kuzikrini zokusebenzelana komsebenzisi ngaphandle kokuthi uphinde uhlanganise lonke uhlelo lokusebenza.

I-Android UI iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: indawo yokuqukethwe kohlelo lokusebenza kanye nebha yesenzo. Imisebenzi iyinhliziyo yohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, futhi umsebenzi ngamunye usebenzisana nomsebenzisi ukuze kufezwe umgomo othile. I-UI ichazwa kufayela le-XML, ebese ihunyushelwa ekilasini le-Android GUI. Leli klasi liqukethe izici ze-UI nezibaluli zazo.

Ukudala uhlelo lokusebenza lwesizindalwazi

Uma ufuna ukudala isizindalwazi sohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android, ungakwenza lokho ngokusebenzisa umakhi wohlelo lokusebenza njenge-Appy Pie. Lesi sakhi sohlelo lokusebenza sithenjwa ngu 7 izigidi zamabhizinisi emhlabeni jikelele, futhi inesixhumi esibonakalayo esilula sokudonsa bese uphonsa esikuvumela ukuthi wenze ngendlela oyifisayo ukwakheka kohlelo lokusebenza bese ukhetha kuzici ezihlukahlukene.. Lo makhi wohlelo lokusebenza futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uphathe isizindalwazi kusuka ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza ngokwalo. Uma usuqedile ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza, ungayishicilela ezitolo zohlelo lokusebenza.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zesizindalwazi zingasiza amabhizinisi ukuthi ahlele futhi alawule idatha yawo kanye nempahla. Ngoba awakhohlisi, zingasetshenziswa yinoma yiliphi ibhizinisi futhi zingathuthukiswa ngokushesha kunalokho ongase ucabange. Ungakha ngisho nohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwesizindalwazi usebenzisa amaspredishithi! Inzuzo enkulu yohlelo lokusebenza lwesizindalwazi ukuthi lenza kube lula ukuphatha idatha yebhizinisi lakho, ithrekhi yokusungula, futhi wabelane ngayo nabanye.

Enye inzuzo yokusebenzisa isizindalwazi sohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android ukuthi yenza kube lula ngohlelo lwakho lokusebenza ukukala. I-SQLite iyinjini yedatha ehlobene esetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi inosekelo lwendabuko ku-Android. Ngejika lokufunda eliphansi, I-SQLite inikeza ukusebenza okuhle, futhi isekela imisebenzi eyinqwaba nemisebenzi. Nokho, kukhona ukungalungi okuthile ekusebenziseni i-SQLite.

Isizindalwazi siyisizindalwazi esigcinwa kuma-PC. Uhlelo lokuphathwa kwedathabheyisi lusingatha idatha ngemigqa namakholomu, ukwenza ukucubungula idatha kube lula. Futhi kuwulimi olujwayelekile olusetshenziswa onjiniyela ukuhlela izinhlelo zokusebenza zesizindalwazi. Lolu limi lubizwa nge-SQL futhi luhlehlela emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1970.