Funda Okuyisisekelo Kokuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lokusebenza lwe-Android

Funda Okuyisisekelo Kokuthuthukiswa Kohlelo Lokusebenza lwe-Android

Ungase umusha ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalolu limi, funda izindatshana zethu ngeJava, Kotlin, Umsebenzi, kanye Nokwehlukana. Lokhu kuzokunikeza ukuqonda kwezisekelo zohlelo lwe-Android. Futhi, uzokwazi ukudala uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ngokulandela izinyathelo ezichazwe ezifundweni. Kukhona izindatshana eziningi ezengeziwe ku-Android ezitholakala kuwebhu. Uma unemibuzo, ungangabazi ukubuza esigabeni sokuphawula esingezansi.

Java

Njengoba ufunda i-Java yolimi lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, cishe uzobhekana nezinselele eziningi. Nokho, kunezinto ezimbalwa ongazenza ukuze ukwandise ulwazi lokufunda. Okokuqala, khetha iphrojekthi ongayiqeda kalula, njengomdlalo. Ngemva kwalokho, ungaqhubeka nokufunda mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ngokwakha ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Njengoba ufunda, uzophinde wakhe inethiwekhi yakho yonjiniyela futhi nishintshisane ngemininingwane. Ngeke nje ufunde amakhono amasha kontanga yakho, kodwa futhi uzothola usizo lwanoma yiziphi izinkinga ohlangabezana nazo ngenkathi uthuthukisa uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza.

Enye inzuzo enkulu ye-Java yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-cross-platform. Njengoba i-Java iwulimi lokuhlela lomthombo ovulekile, awudingi ukukhokha ukuze uyisebenzise, okuyizindaba ezinhle kulabo okufanele bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza zamapulatifomu ahlukahlukene. Njengolimi lomthombo ovulekile, I-Java inikeza ingcebo yamalabhulali namaphethini edizayini azenzakalelayo onjiniyela abangawasebenzisa ukuze bakhe izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula eziqinile. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Java zingashintshwa kalula ukuze zivumelane nezidingo zonjiniyela abahlukene.

Nakuba i-Kotlin iyisinqumo esingcono sokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android kune-Java, idinga ijika lokufunda. I-Kotlin iwulimi lokuhlela olugxile entweni oluhambisana nakho kokubili i-Java ne-Android. I-Java futhi iwulimi oludumile lokwakha ama-consoles wegeyimu, izikhungo zedatha, nomakhalekhukhwini. Uma uhlela ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, kungcono ukuqala nge-Java futhi ufunde i-Kotlin.

Kotlin

Indawo enhle yokuqala ukufunda i-Kotlin yincwadi kaPeter Sommerhoff, I-Kotlin Yokuthuthukisa Uhlelo Lokusebenza lwe-Android. I-Sommerhoff inikeza isethi enwetshiwe yokufakwa kuhlu kwekhodi futhi ihola abafundi ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbili ze-Android. Le ncwadi iboniswe kahle ngezithombe-skrini eziningi nemidwebo. Ngenkathi incwadi ikufundisa uKotlin, kungcono ukuqala ngokufunda ezinye izincwadi ze-Android ngale ndaba. Kuyoba lula ukuluqonda nokufunda ulimi uma wazi ukulufunda.

Onjiniyela abaningi be-Android sebejwayelene ne-Java, ngakho-ke ukuguqula i-codebase yabo ekhona ibe yi-Kotlin kuyinqubo eqondile. Nakuba kunomehluko othile phakathi kwalezi zilimi ezimbili, kufanele kuphela kuthathe amasonto ambalwa ukuze wazi ngokugcwele. Njenganoma yiluphi ulimi olusha, qiniseka ukuthi uthatha isikhathi sakho. Ngenkathi i-Java isadume kakhulu, cishe izothatha isikhathi eside ize ithathe indawo kaKotlin.

I-Kotlin iwulimi lokuhlela olusekelwe ku-Java, futhi kulula ukushayela ikhodi ye-Java kuyo ngaphandle kobunzima. Empeleni, I-Java ne-Kotlin zombili zikhiqiza i-bytecode efanayo. Ungafunda ukusebenzisa i-Kotlin ukuze udale uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ngokubhala izingxenye ezilula zohlelo lokusebenza e-Kotlin bese uguqulela ingxenye esele ye-codebase ku-Java.. Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-Kotlin ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android ziningi.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ungasebenzisa umqondo wokuhlukaniswa ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-Android ngokusebenzisa ‘isiqephu’ iphethini. Izingcezu zihlala ku-ViewGroup yomsebenzi womsingathi futhi zinikeza ukubonakala nge-XML noma i-Java. Izingcezu zisebenzisa i-onCreateView() indlela, okwenyusa i-UI yesiqephu bese ibuyisela isakhiwo sayo sempande uma singekho. Izingcezu zinamafayela ensiza yesakhiwo amabili. Enye ibonisa umbhalo kanti enye ibonisa umbala wangemuva.

Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezingcezu zakho, kubalulekile ukushayela i-onCreate() indlela lapho udala ucezu. Indlela kufanele iqalise izingxenye ezidingekayo futhi izigcine ngisho nalapho ucezu lumisiwe noma lumisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele ushayele i-onCreateView() ukushayela emuva lapho udweba i-UI okokuqala ngqa. Uma ufuna ukususa le ndlela, kufanele ubize ekusetshenzisweni kwe-superclass.

Enye inzuzo yokuhlukaniswa ukuthi ikuvumela ukuthi uguqule ukubukeka nomuzwa wezingxenye ezahlukene zomsebenzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza.. Ngosizo lwezicucu, ungakwazi ukwengeza noma ukususa izingxenye bese ubuyisela izinguquko. Izingcezu zingasetshenziswa emisebenzini eminingi, futhi kungaba izingane zezinye izingcezu. Vele uqiniseke ukuthi izingcezu zakho azincikile kwezinye izingcezu. Lezi zingcezu zingabelana ngomsebenzi ofanayo womzali.

Umsebenzi

Ukuze uqalise Ngomsebenzi, udinga ukwazi ukuthi yenzani indlela ye-onCreate. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi lapho umsebenzi uqala ukudalwa. Ngale ndlela, ungakwazi ukuqalisa izinto zedatha nezinto ze-UI. Ungakwazi ukubhala ngaphezulu okuguquguqukayo okulondoloziwe kwe-InstanceState ukuze unqume isakhiwo somsebenzi. OnCreate(Inqwaba) izingcingo kuYakha() uma Umsebenzi uqala. Khona-ke, noma nini uma Umsebenzi uphuma, ibiza Bhubhisa().

I-OnPause() i-callback isetshenziselwa ukukhulula izinsiza ezinzima. Iphinde imise ukudlalwa kwevidiyo noma ukugqwayiza. I-onStop() indlela ibizwa lapho umsebenzi ungasagxilile. Njenge-onStart() indlela, lena nayo yenza umsebenzi omncane owengeziwe. Igcina yonke imininingwane yesimo kumemori, futhi ibizwa nangokuthi uma umsebenzi ulahlekelwa ukugxila. Ezimweni eziningi, uzoshayela i-onStart kuphela() indlela kanye emjikelezweni wokuphila womsebenzi.

Umsebenzi wuhlelo lokusebenza olwakhiwe kudivayisi ye-Android. Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lusebenzisa izinzwa zangaphakathi zedivayisi ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nokuthatha izithombe-skrini, ukugcina idatha, nokwenza izenzo. Abafundi bazothuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza ngokusebenzisa isofthiwe yamahhala, njenge-MIT App Inventor. Abafundi bangadawuniloda le software ku-inthanethi. Le software futhi ivumela abafundi ukuthi bazijwayeze ukuklama izinhlelo zabo namakhono. Ekugcineni, abafundi bazokwazi ukushicilela izinhlelo zabo zokusebenza ze-Android futhi bathole idiploma kusayensi yekhompyutha.

Ingxenye yomsebenzi

Umsebenzi wuhlobo lwesixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Iqukethe ukuhlelwa kwemibono, ngayinye ilawula isikhala esingunxande ngaphakathi kwewindi lomsebenzi. Ukubuka ngakunye kunegama eliyingqayizivele nomsebenzi ohlukile – Ngokwesibonelo, inkinobho ingaqalisa isenzo uma umsebenzisi eyithepha. Uhlu lwezibaluli lungachazwa ekilasini Lomsebenzi. Ukushintsha igama lekilasi Lomsebenzi kungaphula ukusebenza.

Isigaba somsebenzi siqukethe izigaba ezincane. Umsebenzi ngamunye usebenzisa indlela ephendula izinguquko esimweni sohlelo lokusebenza. Imisebenzi iphathwa endaweni yesiqukathi. Afana nama-applet we-Java nama-servlets. Ungasebenzisa umjikelezo wempilo Yomsebenzi ukuhlola ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza luzosibuyisela yini isimo salo uma umsebenzisi ezungezisa idivayisi. Ukuze usebenzise ingxenye Yomsebenzi ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android, kufanele ufunde izisekelo zohlelo lwe-Android.

I-onSaveInstanceState() indlela ingabhalwa ukuze kugcinwe isimo samanje se-UI. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kuSaveInstanceState() akuqinisekisiwe ukuthi uzobizwa ngaphambi kokucekelwa phansi komsebenzi. Uma isimo somsebenzi sishintsha, kungcono ukubhala ngaphezulu ku-RestoreInstanceState() esikhundleni salokho. Ngale ndlela, ungakwazi ukulandelela izinguquko ezenziwe umsebenzisi ngesikhathi esithile.

Ingxenye yokuzulazula

Ingxenye yokuzulazula inesibopho sokubuyekeza i-UI yohlelo lokusebenza ngaphandle kwe-NavHostFragment. Ngenkathi iningi lezibuyekezo ezibonakalayo zokuzulazula zenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-NavHostFragment, ingxenye Yokuzulazula ingase isetshenziselwe ukubonisa ezinye izici ze-UI, njengedrowa lokuzulazula noma ibha yethebhu ebonisa indawo yamanje yomsebenzisi. Okulandelayo ezinye zezindlela ezijwayelekile zokusebenzisa ingxenye yokuzulazula kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza.

Okokuqala, zulazulela kufayela lokuzulazula. Le yi-Navgraph, ifayela lensiza eliqukethe ulwazi oluhlobene nokuzulazula. Ibonisa izindawo zokuqukethwe ngazinye zohlelo lwakho lokusebenza futhi ichaza izindlela ezingaba khona ngohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Ukusebenzisa umhleli wokuzulazula, ungakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo i-Navgraph, isakhiwo esifana nesihlahla sokuqukethwe kokuzulazula. Ama-Navgraphs ahlukaniswe abe izindawo nezenzo, echaza izindlela ezihlukile umsebenzisi angazithatha ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza.

Ingxenye yokuzulazula ikwenza kube lula kakhulu ukusebenzisa ukuzulazula kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Ilandela isethi yezimiso futhi yenza ukuzulazula kuhambisane kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngenxa yobulula bayo, Ukuzulazula kudinga Umsebenzi owodwa kuphela, okuvumela ukugqwayiza okulula phakathi kwezingcezu futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kohlelo lokusebenza. Ixazulula izinkinga eziningi ngokuzulazula ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-Android futhi iyisengezo esibalulekile ku-ecosystem ye-Android. Ungasebenzisa lolu hlaka ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha uhlelo lokusebenza ngaphandle kokufaka ikhodi ku-UI.