Amathuluzi Angcono Kakhulu E-Android Entwicklung

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Android kuyakhula, indawo enenzuzo kakhulu yokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware. Nge 75,16 amaphesenti abasebenzisi omakhalekhukhwini, ingenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngomphakathi wayo osebenzayo kanye ne-ecosystem enkulu yomthombo ovulekile, I-Android inikeza amathuba amaningi okuba abathuthukisi be-Android bathole imiphumela engcono nesheshayo. Izinhlobonhlobo zamathuluzi okuthuthukisa, njengekhithi yokuthuthukisa ye-Android, ziyatholakala kubathuthukisi be-Android, ukwenza kube lula kunangaphambili ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingcono ngokushesha.

unjiniyela

Uma ucabanga ngomsebenzi njenge-Android Entwickler, ufikile endaweni efanele. Laba bathuthukisi be-software banesibopho sokudala izinhlelo zokusebenza zenkundla ye-Android. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi udala uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lokuqala noma wandisa noma uthuthukisa olukhona kakade, uzodinga ukuqasha i-Android Entwickler. Laba njiniyela banesibopho kuzo zonke izici zokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza, kuhlanganise nokuhlela, ukubhala amakhodi, kanye nokuhlola. Ukuba naleli sethi lamakhono kuzokunikeza unqenqema emakethe yokuncintisana.

I-Android Entwickler ingakhetha phakathi kwezinketho ezimbili eziyinhloko: ithimba lokuthuthukiswa kwangaphakathi, noma i-freelancer. Nakuba amaqembu angaphakathi evame ukushibhile, ama-freelancers ngokuvamile akhiqiza kakhulu. Ngokubambisana nonjiniyela we-Android, uzothola ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo kanye nendawo yokusebenza eguquguqukayo. Ngaphezu kwemodeli ye-freelancing, Onjiniyela be-Android bangasebenza kumaphrojekthi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Futhi uma ungenayo intshisekelo endaweni yasendlini, ungathola i-Android-Arbeiter enikezwe inkampani.

Indima yomsebenzi we-Android Entwickler iyahlukahluka kuye ngezidingo zenkampani. Imisebenzi ejwayelekile Yonjiniyela we-Android ihlanganisa ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza, ukuzithuthukisa, kanye nokuzigcina. Indima ye-Android Entwickler idinga ikhono lokucabanga njengomsebenzisi nokwenza isofthiwe isebenziseke kalula. Imisebenzi eyenziwa yi-Android Entwickler ingasukela ekwakhiweni kwesikrini okuyisisekelo kuye ekulungiseni nasekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza. I-Android Entwickler ingase isebenze eqenjini noma ngokuzimela, kodwa ngokuvamile bazobe besebenza kumaphrojekthi anomthelela oqondile emikhiqizweni yenkampani.

amathuluzi

Uma ubheka ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zamadivayisi eselula, cishe uzobe uzibuza ukuthi yiziphi amathuluzi angcono kakhulu. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi kukhona amathuluzi amaningana lapho azokuvumela ukuthi udale izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinhle. I-C# iphakathi kwezilimi okulula ukuzifunda, kodwa kukhona nabanye. Ukuthi ufuna ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ze-iOS noma i-Android, kukhona amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ongakhetha kuwo. Ezibalwe ngezansi ezintathu ezihamba phambili.

B4A: Iyindawo yokuthuthukisa ye-Android. Yakhelwe abasaqalayo futhi isebenzisa ulimi lokuhlela lwe-BASIC olufana nesiNgisi esivamile. Ama-IDE e-Android afana ne-Android Studio asebenzisa amathuluzi esofthiwe amaningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinhlelo zokusebenza nemidlalo. I-comiler iphinde isetshenziselwe ukuhumusha i-Quellcode ibe ikhodi yomshini. Khona-ke, uhlelo lokusebenza luzokwazi ukusebenza namanye amafayela nemitapo yolwazi ejwayelekile. Uma iphrojekthi isidaliwe, ingahlolwa kunoma iyiphi idivayisi ye-Android.

I-Eclipse: Ngaphambilini, I-Eclipse bekuyi-Android IDE edume kakhulu. Kodwa njengoba i-Google iyekile ukusekela i-Eclipse, leli thuluzi seliphelelwe umusa. Kuyithuluzi eliwusizo lonjiniyela be-Android. Isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwe-Android-Geraten namakhompyutha. I-AIDE inezingxenye ezintathu: iklayenti, i-daemon, kanye neseva. Iklayenti liyingxenye yemvelo ye-Android, futhi i-AIDE ilawula ukuxhumana phakathi kweklayenti ne-Daemon.

amapulatifomu

Uma ufuna ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza kuzo zombili izinkundla ze-Apple ne-Android, udinga ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlelo ezimbili. Kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokufeza lokhu, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo ze-cross-platform. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqalisa ukufunda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinkundla ezimbili bese ukhetha eyodwa esebenza kangcono kuphrojekthi yakho. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ezinye zezindlela ezahlukene nokuthi yini ezingakwenzela yona. Sizophinde sihlanganise umehluko phakathi kwe-iOS ne-Android nokuthi zingazuza kanjani iphrojekthi yakho.

Okokuthuthukisa isofthiwe ye-Android, ungasebenzisa noma yiluphi lwezilimi ezimbili ezinkulu zokuhlela: Java noma C++. Zombili izilimi zokuhlela zikuvumela ukuthi ubhale izinhlelo zokusebenza ngezilimi zokuhlela ezahlukahlukene, futhi ezinye zize zisekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingathathi hlangothi. Amathuluzi ezinkampani zangaphandle, izindawo zokuthuthukiswa, futhi i-languageunterstützung ithuthukisiwe kusukela kwakhululwa i-SDK yokuqala ngo 2008.

Uma umusha ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Android, ungacabanga ukuqasha unjiniyela we-plattformübergreifende ongakwazi ukufaka amakhodi izinhlelo zokusebenza zazo zonke izinkundla. Ngale ndlela, uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luzosebenza kuwo womabili amadivayisi e-Android ne-iOS futhi kudingeka ikhodibase eyodwa kuphela. Lokhu kwenza kube lula kakhulu kuwe ukuthi wenze izibuyekezo ezizayo kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Ungaphinda ukhethe ukusebenzisa inkundla ye-Google eyisicaba yokuthuthukisa i-plattformübergreifende. Lokhu kokugcina kukuvumela ukuthi usheshise ukuthuthukiswa futhi uthole amaphutha ngokushesha.

izinqubo

Ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo namathuluzi ahlukahlukene. Lezi zinqubo zihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza kohlelo lokusebenza. Kubalulekile ukulandela ukucushwa okufanele kwalawa mathuluzi ukuze uqinisekise impumelelo yohlelo lokusebenza. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android kudinga ulwazi olubanzi ukuze kulwenze luphumelele. Okubhalwe ngezansi ezinye zezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezibandakanyekayo ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android. Okulandelayo yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje.

Inkundla ye-Android isebenzisa i-Google Tech Stack, okuwuhlaka lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwamadivayisi eselula. Uhlaka luhlanganisa i-JetPack, Izingxenye Zokwakha, Igumbi, I-LiveData, kanye ne-DataBinding, kanye nemitapo yolwazi ye-Java kanye ne-State of the Art efana ne-Coil ne-Kotlin. Inguqulo yakamuva ezinzile ye-Jetpack Compose ikhishwe ngoJulayi 2021. Lolu hlaka olusha lunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi wendabuko kanye namamodeli ezinhlelo asebenzayo.

Inqubo yokuthuthukisa i-Android ibandakanya izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, isistimu yokusebenza ye-Android idinga uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenza ngaphandle komthungo ngekhamera yefoni nebhethri. Uhlelo lokusebenza kufanele luhambisane namadivayisi ahlukene, okuhlanganisa ama-tablet PC nama-smartphone. Ekugcineni, uhlelo lokusebenza kumele luthuthukiswe ngokuya ngezidingo zabasebenzisi. Akuwona wonke umuntu ofuna ukudala uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android odinga ukuqonda izinqubo ezihilelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwalo. Nokho, abantu abafuna ukwenza uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android kufanele babe nokuqonda okujwayelekile kwalezi zinqubo.

Izindleko

Uma ufuna unjiniyela ozothuthukisa izinhlelo zakho zokusebenza ze-Android, ungase uzibuze ngezindleko zokuthuthukiswa kwe-android. Njengoba i-Android-Kunden ingakhokhi izinhlelo zokusebenza, izindleko ze-Android-Entwicklung kanye ne-Maintenance ziphezulu kakhulu kunezokuthengiswa kohlelo lokusebenza. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzazi mayelana nezindleko zokuthuthukisa i-Android. Uma unohlelo lokusebenza olungayenzi imali eningi, kungcono ukunikeza intuthuko enkampanini egxile ekuthuthukisweni kwamaselula.

Izindleko zokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza zincike enkingeni yephrojekthi yakho. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza lwamahhala, inqubo kude elula futhi kuyabiza. Izici eziningi zenqubo yokuthuthukisa zingandisa izindleko, kufaka phakathi ulwazi lomsebenzisi, umklamo, kanye nokusebenza. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zici zihlanganisa ukwandisa izindleko. Ngenhlanhla, ungathola izinsiza zokuthuthukisa i-Android ezithengekayo eSwitzerland, njengeSwiss Tomato. Iphrojekthi evamile yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Android izodinga 300-1,000 amahora omsebenzi ovela kumthuthukisi wohlelo lokusebenza lweselula. Lokhu kubandakanya zonke izinyathelo ezibandakanyekayo ekudaleni uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula, kufaka phakathi isixhumi esibonakalayo sohlelo lokusebenza nolwazi lomsebenzisi.

Uma umbono wohlelo lwakho lokusebenza uba nobuhlakani obusha, mancane amathuba okuthi ibize ngaphezu kwalokho obungayilindela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza luyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, udinga ukuhlela izindleko zempendulo yekhasimende eqhubekayo kanye nokugcinwa. Ngiyabonga, kunezindlela eziningi zokwehlisa izindleko zakho zokuthuthukisa i-Android. Nansi indlela. Ngaphambi kokuthi unqume ukukhipha iphrojekthi yakho yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza leselula, khumbula ukuhlela izindleko nomugqa wesikhathi wokunakekela uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Ungaphinda ubheke izinsiza zamahhala zokuthuthukisa i-Android.

Ungakwazi yini ukuhlela nge-Kotlin?

Uma uke wasebenza kuphrojekthi futhi kwadingeka ubhale uhlelo lwayo, ungase uzibuze ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukufunda Kotlin. Iwulimi lokuhlela lomthombo ovulekile olumahhala futhi olutholakala ngaphansi kwe-Apache 2.0 ilayisense. Onjiniyela bathi kulula ukubhala izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android kune-Java. Ungafunda i-Kotlin ngokuyifunda eceleni kweJava. Nazi ezinye izinzuzo zokufunda i-Kotlin.

Okokuqala, I-Kotlin inokulinganiselwa okuthile. Ezinye izinhlobo zedatha zingaba yize. Kufanele udalule ngokusobala Amanani akho Angenakulinganiswa. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi uvimbele amaphutha ahlobene ne-NullPointerException. Nokho, akufanele ukhohlwe ukuthi i-Kotlin ine-syntax ekhethekile Yamanani Angenakulinganiswa. Ungakwazi ukugwema lezi zinkinga ngokusebenzisa i-Safe Call Operator. Khona-ke, ungasebenzisa i-arrayOfNulls() umsebenzi. Lokhu kuyasiza uma udinga ukusebenzisa amanani amaningi angenalutho.

Ungakwazi futhi ukusebenzisa i-Generics kanye Nezinto ukuze uqhubeke uchaze ukusebenza kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Inqobo nje uma uchaza imisebenzi yakho njengomsebenzi futhi usebenzise imingcele efanele, ungawabhala njengentambo. Esinye isici esihle yi-Extension-Functions, okukuvumela ukuthi unwebe ikilasi ngaphandle kokudala amakilasi amasha noma ukuxhumana. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-Kotlin isekela imisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu, kulula ukubhala ikhodi okulula ukuyifunda.

Kungani kungenjalo ngeKotlin?

Umbuzo uthi, kungani ungasebenzisi i-Java, esikhundleni sikaKotlin? I-Java iwulimi lokuhlela oludumile olunohlelo lwemvelo olucebile lwamalabhulali wemithombo evulekile namathuluzi. Nokho, inezithiyo eziningana uKotlin ahlose ukuzixazulula. I-Android Studio isivele yenzelwe i-Java, kodwa noKotlin, iba izinzile. Futhi ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi i-Java ne-Kotlin izoba khona ndawonye.

Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani i-Kotlin ingcono ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Android ingoba isekela i-Bytecode, ukuyivumela ukuthi isebenze ngaphakathi kwe-IDE yakho, futhi uma usuvele usebenzisa i-Java, I-Kotlin iyahambisana nayo. Enye inzuzo ye-Kotlin ukuphepha kwayo okuyize okungokwemvelo. I-Android isebenzisa i-null njengenani elingachazwanga, okungaholela ku-NullPointerException, iphutha eliyingozi elingonakalisa lonke uhlelo lokusebenza. Ngokuba nokuphepha kwe-inbuilt null, U-Kotlin uyayixazulula le nkinga, ukususa isidingo sekhodi eyengeziwe ukuze kuvinjelwe i-NullPointerExceptions ekubhubhiseni izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Android.

Esinye isizathu sokuthi kungani kufanele ukhethe i-Kotlin esikhundleni se-Java ekuthuthukisweni kwakho kwe-Android impilo yebhethri ethuthukisiwe. I-Android O izokwethula iziteshi zezaziso ezintsha futhi inikeze onjiniyela ukulawula okwengeziwe kuzinhlelo zabo zokusebenza’ izinsiza. Nokho, izoba nomthelela empilweni yebhethri. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukucabangela zonke izinzuzo nezingozi ngaphambi kokukhetha i-Kotlin phezu kwe-Java. Uma usunqume kulokhu kokugcina, sekuyisikhathi sokuqasha unjiniyela ofanele.